S.-T. Yen et al., “Somatic Mosaicism and Allele Complexity Induced by CRISPR/Cas9 RNA Injections in Mouse Zygotes”, Developmental Biology 393 (2014): 3–9.
G. A. Sunagawa et al., “Mammalian Reverse Genetics Without Crossing Reveals Nr 3a as a Short-Sleeper Gene”, Cell Reports 14 (2016): 662–677.
Gasiunas et al., “Cas9-crRNA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Mediates Specific DNA Cleavage.”
L. S. Qi et al., “Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression”, Cell 152 (2013): 1173–1183; L. A. Gilbert et al., “CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes”, Cell 154 (2013): 442–451.
В настоящее время выделяют около 20 000 человеческих генов.
M. Herper, “This Protein Could Change Biotech Forever”, Forbes, March 19, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/03/19/the-protein-that-could-change-biotech-forever/#7001200f473b.
H. Ledford, “CRISPR: Gene Editing Is Just the Beginning”, Nature News , March 7, 2016.
K. Loria, “The Process Used to Edit the Genes of Human Embryos Is So Easy You Could Do It in a Community Bio-Hacker Space”, Business Insider , May 1, 2015.
J. Zayner, “DIY CRISPR Kits, Learn Modern Science by Doing”, www.indiegogo.com/projects/diy-CRISPR-kits-learn-modern-science-by-doing#/.
E. Callaway, “Tapping Genetics for Better Beer”, Nature 535 (2016): 484–486.
Разумеется, ракообразные – беспозвоночные. Тут имеется в виду их внешний скелет ( примеч. науч. ред. ).
P. Piffanelli et al., “A Barley Cultivation-Associated Polymorphism Conveys Resistance to Powdery Mildew”, Nature 430 (2004): 887–891.
N. V. Federoff and N. M. Brown, Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods (Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2004), 54.
J. H. JØrgensen, “Discovery, Characterization and Exploitation of Mlo Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley”, Euphytica 63 (1992): 141–152.
R. BÜschges et al., “The Barley Mlo Gene: A Novel Control Element of Plant Pathogen Resistance”, Cell 88 (1997): 695–705.
W. Jiang et al., “Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-Mediated Targeted Gene Modification in Arabidopsis, Tobacco, Sorghum and Rice”, Nucleic Acids Research 41 (2013): e188; N. M. Butler et al., “Generation and Inheritance of Targeted Mutations in Potato ( Solanum Tuberosum L.) Using the CRISPR/Cas System”, PLoS ONE 10 (2015): e0144591; S. S. Hall, “Editing the Mushroom”, Scientific American 314 (2016): 56–63.
H. Jia and N. Wang, “Targeted Genome Editing of Sweet Orange Using Cas9/sgRNA”, PLoS ONE 9 (2014): e93806.
S. Nealon, “Uncoding a Citrus Tree Killer”, UCR Today , February 9, 2016.
D. Cyranoski, “CRISPR Tweak May Help Gene-Edited Crops Bypass Biosafety Regulation”, Nature News , October 19, 2015.
A. Chaparro-Garcia, S. Kamoun, and V. Nekrasov, “Boosting Plant Immunity with CRISPR/Cas”, Genome Biology 16 (2015): 254–257.
W. Haun et al., “Improved Soybean Oil Quality by Targeted Mutagenesis of the Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Gene Family”, Plant Biotechnology Journal 12 (2014): 934–940.
В ходе их реакции с аспарагином – аминокислотой, входящей в состав белков (а значит, и пищи).
B. M. Clasen et al., “Improving Cold Storage and Processing Traits in Potato Through Targeted Gene Knockout”, Plant Biotechnology Journal 14 (2016): 169–176.
United States Department of Agriculture, “Glossary of Agricultural Biotechnology Terms”, last modified February 27, 2013, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=BIOTECH_GLOSS&navtype=RT&parentnav=BIOTECH.
USDA Economic Research Service, “Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U. S.”, last modified July 14, 2016, www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx.
Pew Research Center, “Eating Genetically Modified Foods”, www.pewinternet.org./2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/pi_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03–02/
J. W. Woo et al., “DNA-Free Genome Editing in Plants with Preassembled CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins”, Nature Biotechnology 33 (2015): 1162–1164.
“Breeding Controls”, Nature 532 (2016): 147.
H. Ledford, “Gene-Editing Surges as US Rethinks Regulations”, Nature News , April 12, 2016.
A. Regalado, “DuPont Predicts CRISPR Plants on Dinner Plates in Five Years”, MIT Technology Review , October 8, 2015.
E. Waltz, “A Face-Lift for Biotech Rules Begins”, Nature Biotechnology 33 (2015): 1221–1222.
M. C. Jalonick, “Obama Signs Bill Requiring Labeling of GMO Foods”, Washington Post , July 29, 2016.
C. Harrison, “Going Swimmingly: AquaBounty’s GM Salmon Approved for Consumption After 19 Years”, SynBioBeta , November 23, 2015, http://synbiobeta.com/news/aquabounty-gm-salmon/.
A. Pollack, “Genetically Engineered Salmon Approved for Consumption”, New York Times , November 19, 2015.
Углеродный след – это совокупность всех выбросов парниковых газов, возникших прямо и косвенно при производстве продукта. Например, в углеродный след выращиваемого лосося войдут в том числе и выбросы двигателя автомобиля, подвозившего корм к лососевой ферме ( примеч. науч. ред. ).
W. Saletan, “Don’t Fear the Frankenfish”, Slate , November 20, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/11/genetically_engineered_aquabounty_salmon_safe_fda_decides.html.
A. Kopicki, “Strong Support for Labeling Modified Foods”, New York Times , July 27, 2013.
Friends of the Earth, “ FDA’s Approval of GMO Salmon Denounced ”, www.foe.orgfdas-approval-of-gmo-salmon-denounced/news/news-releases/2015-11-.
K. Saeki et al., “Functional Expression of a Delta12 Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene from Spinach in Transgenic Pigs”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2004): 6361–6666.
Читать дальше