Robert Forczyk - Where the Iron Crosses Grow

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Nazi and Soviet armies fought over the Crimean Peninsula for three long years using sieges, dozens of amphibious landings, and large scale maneuvers. This definitive English-language work on the savage battle for the Crimea,
sheds new light on this vital aspect of the Eastern Front.
The Crimea was one of the crucibles of the war on the Eastern Front, where first a Soviet and then a German army were surrounded, fought desperate battles and were eventually destroyed. The fighting in the region was unusual for the Eastern Front in many ways, in that naval supply, amphibious landings and naval evacuation played major roles, while both sides were also conducting ethnic cleansing as part of their strategy – the Germans eliminating the Jews and the Soviets to purging the region of Tartars.
From 1941, when the first Soviets first created the Sevastopol fortified region, the Crimea was a focal point of the war in the East. German forces under the noted commander Manstein conquered the area in 1941–42, which was followed by two years of brutal colonization and occupation before the Soviet counteroffensive in 1944 destroyed the German 17th Army.
[Contain tables.]

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Primary Sources

National Archives and Research Administration (NARA) records for the German AOK 11 and AOK 17 and all major constituent corps and divisions in the period from September 1941 to May 1944.

Secondary Sources

Achkasov, V. I., and N. B. Pavlovich, Soviet Naval Operations in the Great Patriotic War 1941–45 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1981).

Antonescu, Jon, Wir erobern die Krim: Soldaten der Krim-Armee berichten (Pfälzische Verlaganstalt, 1943).

Bergström, Christer and Andrey Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2 (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 2001).

Bidermann, Gottlob H., In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

Borisov, Boris A., Podvig Sevastopol [ Feat of Sevastopol ] (Simferopol: Crimea Publishing House, 1970).

Carell, Paul, Hitler Moves East 1941–1943 (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1991).

Egger, Martin, Die Festung Sewastopol: Dokumentation ihrer Befestigungsanlagen und der Kämpfe 1942 (Cologne: Harry Lippman, 1995).

Garmash, Peter Ye., Za rodnoi Krym: vospominanii a uchastnikov boev za Krym [F or native Crimea: memories of the participants battle for the Crimea ] (Simferopol: Sonat Publishers, 2008).

Garmash, Peter Ye., Za rodnoi Sevastopol [ For Native Sevastopol ] (Moscow: the young guard, 1983).

Glantz, David M., The Battle for the Crimea: Combat Documents and Chronology, Volume 1, 9 September – 31 December 1941 (self-published by David M. Glantz, 2008).

Grylev, Anatoly N., Dnipro-Karpaty-Krym: Osvobozhdenie pravoberezhnoi ukrainy i kryma v 1944 gody [ Dnepr-Carpathians-Crimea: The Liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine and Crimea, 1944] (Moscow: Nauka, 1970).

Hayward, Joel S., Stopped at Stalingrad (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998).

Ignatovich, Evgeniy A., Zenitnoe bratstvo Sevastopolya [ The zenith of brotherhood in Sevastopol ] (Kiev: izdatelstvo politiceskoy literatury, 1986).

Karpov, Vladimir V., Commander (London: Brassey’s, 1987).

Koshevoi, Peter K., v gody voennye [ During the War ] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1978).

Krylov, Nikolai I., Ne Pomerknet Nikogda [ It Will Never Fade ] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1984).

Kurowski, Franz, Der Angriff auf die stärkste Festung der Welt 1942 (Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas, 2002).

Kurowski, Franz, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General (Würzburg: Fleschig Verlag, 2007).

Lower, Wendy, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

Manstein, Erich von, Lost Victories (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986).

Morgunov, Petr A., Gyeroichyeskiy Sevastopol’ [ Heroic Sevastopol ] (Moscow: Nauka, 1979)

Moschansky, Savin I., Bor’ba za Krim, syentyabr’ 1941 – iyool’ 1942 goda [ Fight for the Crimea, September 1941–July 1942 ] (Moscow: PKV, 2002).

Perechnev, F., and F. Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [ The Guardians of the Coast ] (Moscow: Soviet Mininstry of Defense, 1967).

Shirokorad, Aleksandr B., Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).

Winkel, Walter, Der Kampfe Um Sewastopol (Berg am see: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag, 1984).

Periodicals

Hayward, Joel S., “A Case Study in Early Joint Warfare: An Analysis of the Wehrmacht’s Crimean Campaign of 1942” in The Journal of Strategic Studies , Vol. 22, No. 4 (December 1999), pp. 103–130.

“Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942” [the defense of the 79th Naval Infantry Brigade in Sevastopol in June 1942] in Sbornik voenno-istoricheskikh materialov Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine [ Collection of military history materials of the Great Patriotic War ] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1954)

Rosselli, Alberto, “Activities of the Italian MAS and Pocket Submarines in the Black Sea: 1942–1943” on www.regiamarina.net website.

Snook, David, “British Naval Operations in the Black Sea,” Parts 1 and 2, Warship International , Vol. 26, No. 1 and No. 4 (1989).

Wernet, Dieter and Inge Wernet, “Maksim Gorky I: A Recent Example of the Re-use of Naval Turrets in Coast Defenses,” Warship International , No. 1, 1997.

Copyright

First published in Great Britain in 2014 by Osprey Publishing,

PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK

PO Box 3985, New York, NY 10185-3985, USA

E-mail: info@ospreypublishing.com

Osprey Publishing is part of the Osprey Group

© 2014 Robert Forczyk

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.

Every attempt has been made by the Publisher to secure the appropriate permissions for material reproduced in this book. If there has been any oversight we will be happy to rectify the situation and written submission should be made to the Publishers.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Robert Forczyk has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the Author of this Work.

ISBN: 978 1 78200 625 1

e-book ISBN: 978 178200 9764

PDF ISBN: 978 1 78200 9757

Index by Alan Thatcher

Cartography by Bounford.com

Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro and Trajan Pro

Originated by PDQ Digital Media Solutions, Suffolk UK.

Printed in China through Worldprint Ltd.

14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Osprey Publishing is supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity, by funding the dedication of trees.

www.ospreypublishing.com

Notes

1

Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 265–266.

2

Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), pp. 91–92.

3

Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World , p. 142.

4

Thomas Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman, 1855), pp. 200–201.

5

Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars , pp. 220–222.

6

Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars , p. 279.

7

W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs: Autocrats of all the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), pp. 233–235.

8

John N. Lenker, Lutherans in all lands: the wonderful works of God, Volume 2 (Milwaukee, WI: Lutherans in all Lands Company, 1896), pp. 450.

9

The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1855, Volume 24 (London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1855), pp. 581–582.

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