Stephen Harding - The Last Battle

defy Lee’s orders, 137, 139, 146–147

seize weapons when guards flee, 107

fire on Waffen-SS, 148–150

postwar lives and deaths, 165–169

See also under specific names

Inflexible harshness doctrine, 19, 21

Inn River valley

Allied air attacks, 76

history, 5

6th Army Group advances, 69–71

with specialized mountain-warfare units, 70

von Hengl defends passes against allies, 72

von Hengl retreats from Wörgl, 89

Innsbruck

German defense led by von Hengl, 71–72

advanced upon, captured, by Allies, 69–71, 103, 120

Čučković brings rescue message to Allies, 106–107

Kramers’s rescue mission sets out, 120–121

resistance cell, 74

McAuliffe hosts liberated VIPs, 163

International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), 38–39

Italy, 38, 68, 76

Itter village, 5, 9–10, 159

Jacomet, Robert, 29, 31

Jews

active in Austrian resistance cells, 73

brutalization sanctioned by Nazis, 18

and Eicke’s inflexible harshness, 19

Majdanek extermination center, 20

Parisians rounded up by Nazis, 47–48

Totenkopfstandarte atrocities, 18–19

Joffre, Joseph, 33

Joseph II, emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 6–7

Jouhaux, Léon

background, 36–37

arrested, interned, by Vichy secret police, 39–40

as CGT/labor movement leader, 38–40, 49, 166

arrested, interned, by Vichy, 39–40

joined by Bruchlen at Schloss Itter, 48–50

shunned by de la Rocque, 63

summons Schrader to Schloss Itter, 108

defies Lee’s orders, 146, 148

postwar life and death, 166, 169

Journal de Captivité, 1940–1945 (Daladier), 165–166

Keblitsch (Gangl’s corporal), 110–112, 116, 121

Keyes, Geoffrey, 68

Klan Network, 59

Konrad VI von Haimberg, bishop of Regensburg, 6

Kramers, John T.

organizes rescue force from Innsbruck, 120–121

advance stopped by Waffen-SS attack, 141–142

defies order to return to Innsbruck, 142–143

joins Lee at Schloss Itter battle, 152–155

leads VIPs to Innsbruck, 161–163

postwar life and death, 170–171

Krobot, Andreas

as prisoner-cook at Schloss Itter, 64

becomes friends with Schrader, 100

brutalized by Wimmer, 93–94

delivers message to Wörgl resisters, 90–91, 108–109

with Hagleitner, arrives at Schloss Itter, 160

at displaced-persons camp after liberation, 164

postwar, 169

Kufstein, Austria

garrisoned by mountain-warfare units, 70–71

von Hengl attempts to defend against Allies, 72–73

seized and held by Allied forces, 1, 70

resistance cell, 74–76, 87–88

Gangl connects with Allies, Lee, 111–113

relief column leaves for Schloss Itter, 124

Kunert, Maria, 9

La Chambre, Guy, 29, 31

Labor movement (French), 38–40, 49, 166

Lanckoronska, Karolina, 51

Le Portalet prison, 50–51

Lebrun, Albert, 26

Lee, John C. “Jack,” Jr.

introduced, background, 1–3, 113–114, 115–117

meets Gangl, embarks on rescue mission, 112

leads division’s move into Austria, 118–119

recons Schloss Itter, 121–123

adds Gangl’s men to rescue force, 124

leads defense of Schloss Itter, 125–151

relief forces needed, arrive, 140–143, 160

hands over VIP prisoners to Lynch, 161

receives Distinguished Service Cross for Schloss Itter battle, 165

postwar life and death, 172–173

Lee, Virginia, 115, 172–173

Léon-Jouhaux, Augusta, 166, 169. See also Bruchlen, Augusta

Lévesque, René, 156–157, 161–163, 166

Levin, Meyer

as U.S. war correspondent, 121

accompanies Kramers on relief mission, 141–143, 152–155, 159

on Germans attempting to surrender, 155

on enmity among VIPs, 162

aftermath of battle, 161

postwar magazine article, 172

Linsen (Gangl’s corporal), 145–146, 149, 151

Liszt, Franz, 8

Lutten, Eric

as French army liaison officer, 120, 164

with Kramers’s rescue mission, 142–143, 153

Lynch, George E.

commands 142nd Infantry, 123

promises to provide relief force to Lee, 124, 139–140

orders Companies E, F, G, to advance on Schloss Itter, 154–156

Lee hands over VIP prisoners, 159–161

makes Schloss Itter command post, 164–165

Mabire, Christiane Dolorès

background, 44, 48–49

arrested, imprisoned, 50

reunited with Reynaud at Schloss Itter, 51–52

defies Lee’s orders with other VIPs, 146, 148

writes English pleas for help, 103, 106, 109, 112

postwar life and death, 167

Majdanek concentration camp, Poland, 20–21, 95

Mandel, Georges

in Vichy’s custody, 9, 29, 32, 44

detained in Morocco, 28

at Buchenwald, 32

at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 45, 48

Massilia steam ship, 28

Matney, Carl P., 154, 156, 159

Maurin, Louis, 34

Maximilian I, king of Bavaria, 7

Mayr, Alois

leads resistance cell in Wörgl, 76–77, 110, 145

and resister Sepp Gangl, 85–89

asked by Lee to call in U.S. reinforcements, 139

sends Waltl, Wegscheider, Linsen to Schloss Itter, 145–146

Mayr, Eugen, 8–9

Mayr-Hagleitner resistance organization, 87–90, 122–124

McAuliffe, Anthony C., 106, 142, 161–162

McHaley, Herbert G.

bow machine gunner in Lee’s rescue force, 123, 125

defends Schloss Itter, 130, 132, 136, 151

postwar death, 171

Meloy, Guy S., 142

Mendès-France, Pierre, 28

Menter, Sophie, 7–8, 14

M4 Sherman tanks, 1, 112, 115–117, 120, 140, 153–154

Milice, Vichy paramilitary, 52

Morocco, 28–29, 52

Mountain-warfare units (gebirgstruppen), 15, 70–71, 124

Müller, Frau (Mabire’s cover name), 51

Munich Agreement of 1938, 19, 26–27

National Movement of Prisoners of War and Deportees, 60

Nazi Germany armed forces. See Waffen-SS troops; Wehrmacht

Neue Post Inn, 76, 89, 110

Noguès, Charles-Auguste, 28–29

Normandy, Allied invasion of western Europe, 2, 84–85, 99

North Africa. See French North Africa

Norwich University, Vermont, 113–114

Number prisoners

introduced, 64

tormented by Wimmer, 93

shelter in Schloss Itter cellar, 128

liberated, 161, 163

go to displaced-persons camp, 164

postwar, 169

Oberbayern troops, 18–19

O5 organization, 74, 88

103rd Infantry Division

in Innsbruck, 106

Meloy orders Kramers returned to Innsbruck, 142

led by McAuliffe, 162–163

142nd Infantry Regiment

moves to Kufstein to relieve Lee, 119, 123

advances to, arrives in, Wörgl, 129–130, 140, 153–154

encounters Waffen-SS fire, 155

led by Borotra to Schloss Itter, 157–159

at Schloss Itter, 161, 163–164

postwar follow up, 171

Operation Barbarossa, 81

Operation Dragoon, 68

Operation Torch, 31

Organization Todt, 88

OSS. See U.S. Office of Strategic Services

Ostmark province of Germany, 8, 12

Otto, Stefan

introduced, 17

as Wimmer’s deputy, 22, 41–42, 62

postwar, 170

Paape, Kurt, 86

Panzer-grenadier divisions, 20, 71, 118, 144–145

Paris antiparliamentarist riots (1934), 26

Parti Social Français (PSF), 45, 46, 47, 58–59

Partisans

Austrian, 141, 153

Russian, 98

Serbian, 98–99

Patch, Alexander M.

advances into Tyrol, 68–70

dines with liberated French VIPs, 163

Saarbrücken battle, 85

12th Armored Division assigned, 117

Patton, George S., 69

Pétain, Philippe