The excessive en route time from Aviano to Kosovo reduced the A-10’s time on station and prevented an air frame from flying two daylight missions per day. Fifteen days into the war, the CAOC ordered the 81st FS to redeploy to Gioia. On 11 April 1999, the jets from Aviano were joined in the move by an additional three aircraft from Spangdahlem. At Gioia, the sortie-duration times were reduced, on-station times were increased, and the jets could fly two daylight missions per day. A detachment from the 74th FS at Pope arrived in late April with five aircraft, nine pilots, and 65 maintenance personnel to augment 81st FS operations. A British GR-7 Harrier squadron, an Italian Tornado squadron, and an Italian F-104 Starfighter squadron were also located at Gioia. The Harriers flew as strike aircraft for A-10 AFACs on a daily basis, and the proximity of operations made for a close working relationship.
A-10 AFAC operations at Gioia commenced within 24 hours of arrival. With the growing success of strikes against their Third Army, the Serbs increased their active air defenses. A-10 AFACs began reporting barrage-fired AAA and SAM launches. On 2 May, an A-10 AFAC was struck by an SA-14 infrared-guided SAM and was forced to recover at Skopje AB, Macedonia. On 11 May, another A-10 AFAC was struck beneath the cockpit by a mobile SAM; fortunately, that missile failed to detonate, and the jet was able to recover to Gioia.
AFAC operations over Kosovo grew to cover most of the day and half of the night. A-10s covered two four-hour daylight windows, all the while maintaining four aircraft on CSAR alert during night operations. F-16CG AFACs provided some day coverage and also flew during a two- to three-hour night window. The US Navy provided day AFAC coverage as well with F-14s flying off the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Even more AFACs were needed to provide full coverage—24 hours a day, seven days a week—over Kosovo. The Air National Guard then stepped in to create the 104th EOG, a rainbowed group of 18 aircraft from units in Michigan, Massachusetts, and Idaho. By 19 May, the 104th had deployed to Trapani AB in western Sicily. The lengthy trip from Trapani to the KEZ precluded the 104th from being able to double-turn for day missions, but it was able to cover a midday AFAC window and then turn for late-night missions. Additionally, the 104th deployed three of its aircraft to Taszar, Hungary, in May to perform CSAR alert, thus improving the CSAR response time in the event of a shootdown over northern Serbia. The final aircraft to join the AFAC mission was the US Marine F/A-18D. A full squadron joined the 104th CSAR detachment at Taszar, and these aircraft were flying over Kosovo by late May.
Late May proved the most successful period for air attacks against Serb ground forces. Several factors influenced that success and combined to provide a greater opportunity for NATO air attacks. Those factors included an increased force structure, improved weather conditions, and a KLA offensive in western Kosovo that forced the Serbian Third Army out of its hiding places. NATO increased the number of AFACs and strikers for near-continuous daylight operations until combat operations ceased on 10 June 1999. A-10s continued to provide airborne and ground CAS alert until the end of June as NATO occupation ground forces entered Kosovo.
AAA—antiaircraft artillery
AB—air base
ABCCC—airborne battlefield command and control center (EC-130E)
AC—alternating current (electrical power with alternating polarity)
ACC—Air Combat Command
ADI—attitude direction indicator
ADVON—advanced echelon
AEF—Air Expeditionary Force
AEW—Air Expeditionary Wing
AFAC—airborne forward air controller, aka FAC(A)
AFSOUTH—Allied Forces Southern Europe; NATO’s regional headquarters at Naples, Italy
AGL—above ground level
AGM—air-to-ground missile
AIM—air intercept missile
AI—air interdiction
AIRCENT—Allied Air Forces Central Europe (NATO)
AIRSOUTH—Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (NATO)
AMRAAM—advanced medium range air-to-air missile
AO—area of operations
AOR—area of responsibility
APC—armored personnel carrier
APU—auxiliary power unit arty artillery pieces
ASC—air strike control
ATACMS—air tactical missile systems
ATO—air tasking order
AWACS—airborne warning and control system (E-3)
BAI—battlefield air interdiction
bandit—an enemy aircraft
BDA—battle damage assessment
BE—basic encyclopedia number used to catalog targets
bingo—(1) brevity term used by tactical air forces to indicate a fuel level that requires termination of the mission and recovery to a tanker or home station; (2) brevity term used by special operations SAR helicopter forces to indicate that the door gunner is abeam the survivor
bino—gyro-stabilized binoculars; 12 power and 15 power
bomblet—a CBU submunition
bootleg—unscheduled (e.g., a bootlegged tanker is an unscheduled air-to-air refueling)
BRAA—tactical control format providing target bearing, range, altitude, and aspect, relative to a friendly aircraft
break—an aggressive, abrupt maneuver to defeat SAM, AAA, or air-to-air threats
BSD—battle staff directives
C3CM—command, control, and communications countermeasures
CAIFF—combined air interdiction of fielded forces
CANN—temporarily removing parts from an aircraft (cannibalization) so others can fly
CAP—combat air patrol
CAS—close air support
CAVOK—ceiling and visibility OK
CBU—cluster bomb unit
CEM—combined effects munition (CBU-87)
CFACC—combined forces air component commander
COAC—combined air operations center
Compass Call—an aircraft configured to perform tactical C3CM (EC-130H)
CP—control point
CSAR—combat search and rescue
DC—direct current (electrical power with constant polarity)
DCA—defensive counterair
DEAD—destruction of enemy air defenses
dirtball—dirt road
doolie—first year cadet at the AF Academy
EABS—expeditionary air base squadron
ECM—electronic countermeasures
EFS—expeditionary fighter squadron
ELS—expeditionary logistic squadron
EO—electro-optical
EOG—expeditionary operations group
ESS—expeditionary support squadron
EUCOM—US European Command
EW—electronic warfare
FAC—forward air controller
fence—the demarcation line between friendly and enemy territory
FG—fighter group
FL—flight level; thousands of feet when using a standard altimeter setting of 29.92 (FL 300 is 30,000 MSL with 29.92 set)
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