Aloys Winterling - Caligula

Stability of Rule

For the Praetorian Guard, Germanic bodyguards, and the people of Rome, compare the reports on the reaction to Caligula’s assassination:Dio, Roman History , 59.30.2, 59.30.1b; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.115, 19.121–22, 19.158–59. On conflicts with the plebs:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.24–26; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 26.5. L. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, V 500; Dio, Roman History , 59.27.5–6. A. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, V 499; Suetonius, Vitellius , 4, 17.2. Q. Pomponius Secundus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, P 757; Dio, Roman History , 59.29.5. Cn. Sentius Saturninus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, S 296; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.185. C. Sallustius Crispus Passienus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, P 146; Suetonius, Vita Passieni Crispi . Valerius Asiaticus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, V 25; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man ( De Constantia Sapientis ), 18.2. Marcus Vinicius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, V 445; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.102. Annius Vinicianus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, A 701; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.96–98. Paullus Arruntius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, A 1135; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.102. On mutual mistrust:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.51–52. On Caligula’s inner circle:Dio, Roman History , 59.25.7.

Alexandria an Alternative?

On Caligula’s plans regarding Alexandria:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 173, 250, 338; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.81; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 49.2; cf. 8.5. On Julius Caesar:Suetonius, Julius Caesar , 79.3. Marcus Antonius:Dio, Roman History , 50.4.1. Nero:Plutarch, Galba , 2.1; Dio, Roman History , 63.27.2. On Caligula’s conflict with members of his inner circle:Cassius Dio’s quotation, Roman History 59.25.8, is a combination of excerpts from Zonaras and the Excerpta Vaticana . Date of planned departure for Alexandria:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.81; cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 58.1.

CHAPTER 5. MURDER ON THE PALATINE

On secret treachery:Tacitus, Histories , 3.68.1. Core members of the conspiracy:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.46–48; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 56.1, 58.2; Dio, Roman History , 59.29.1, 59.29.5–6. Aemilius Regulus, Annius Vinicianus:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.17–18. Valerius Asiaticus:Tacitus, Annals , 11.1.2; cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.159; Dio, Roman History , 59.30.2. On the emperor’s retinue shortly before the assassination:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.101–2. Callistus and Claudius:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.64–69. The new Praetorian prefect Rufrius Pollio( Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, R 173): Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.267. The death of the assassins:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.268–73; Suetonius, Claudius , 11.1; Dio, Roman History , 60.3.4–5. The execution of Protogenes and Helicon:Dio, Roman History , 60.4.5; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 206. Consultation about the new empress in the year 48:Tacitus, Annals , 12.1–2. On the assassination itself:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 56.2, 58; Dio, Roman History , 59.29.6–7; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.99–114; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man ( De Constantia Sapientis ), 18.3. The deaths of Caesonia and Drusilla:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.198–200 (where their deaths are not shown as immediately following the assassination); Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 59; Dio, Roman History , 59.29.7. On the situation in the theater after the murder:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.127–57; Dio, Roman History , 59.30.1b. On the session in the Senate:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.166–89, 19.248–62; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 60, and Claudius , 10.3, 11.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.30.3, 60.1–2. Aspirants to the throne:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.251–52; Dio, Roman History , 60.15.1. The people in the Forum:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.158–59. Claudius’s elevation to the throne:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.162–65, 19.212–26, 19.247; Suetonius, Claudius , 10; Dio, Roman History , 60.1.3–3a. Caligula’s burial:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.237; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 59.

CONCLUSION: INVENTING

THE MAD EMPEROR

On Caligula’s “madness”:Seneca, On Anger ( De Ira ), 1.20.9, 3.21.5, 3.19.3; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 76, 93; Pliny, Natural History , 36.113; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 18.277, 19.1, 19.4–5, 19.11, 19.193. Positive assessments:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 263; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.208. Tacitus on Caligula: Agricola , 13.2; Annals , 6.20.1, 6.45.3, 11.3.2, 15.72.2; Histories , 4.42.5, 4.48.1. The “madness” of other emperors:Dio, Roman History , 59.1.2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.259; Tacitus, Annals , 6.46.1; Dio, Roman History , 63.27.2. Suetonius on Caligula’s mental illness: Gaius Caligula , 50.2–3, 51.1; cf. Dio, Roman History , 59.26.5. Suetonius’s Life of Gaius Caligula in the reign of Commodus: Scriptores Historiae Augustae: Commodus , On imperial rule in late antiquity:Kolb, Herrscherideologie . On measures taken by Claudius:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.246; Suetonius, Claudius , 11; Dio, Roman History , 60.3.5, 60.4.1 and 5, 60.5.1 and 4, 60.22.3. The conspiracy of Vinicianus and Camillus:Dio, Roman History , 60.15–16; Suetonius, Claudius , 13.2. Security measures:Dio, Roman History , 60.3.3. Poisoning of Claudius:Tacitus, Annals , 12.66–67; Dio, Roman History , 61(60).34. On Seneca:Seneca, On Consolation ( Ad Polybium de Consolatione ), 13.2; cf. Apocolocyntosis , passim.

PRIMARY SOURCES

Celsus. De Medicina . Vol. 1. Translated by W. G. Spencer. Cambridge, Mass., 1935.

Dio, Cassius. Roman History . Vol. 7. Translated by Earnest Cary. Cambridge, Mass., 1955.

Frontinus, Sextus Julius. The Aqueducts of Rome . In Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome , translated by Charles E. Bennett. Cambridge, Mass., 1950.

Josephus, Flavius. Jewish Antiquities . Vol. 9. Translated by Louis H. Feldman. Cambridge, Mass., 1965.