Aloys Winterling - Caligula

The Death of Drusilla

Caligula in mourning:Seneca, On Consolation ( Ad Polybium de Consolatione ), 17.4–5; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 24.2. Posthumous honors for Drusilla:Dio, Roman History , 59.11; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 24.2. Drusilla’s ascension to heaven:Seneca, Apocolocyntosis , 1.2; Dio, Roman History , 59.11.4. Caligula’s marriage to Lollia Paulina:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 25.2; Dio, Roman History , 59.12.1, 59.23.7; Tacitus, Annals , 12.2.2.

The Empire

Caligula’s journey to Sicily:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 19.205–6; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 20, 21.1, 51.1. Fire in Rome:Dio, Roman History , 59.9.4. Aqueducts:Frontinus, On Aqueducts ( De Aquaeductibus Urbis Romae ), 13; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 21. Campaign in Germania:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 43, and Galba , 6.2–3. Agrippa and Antiochus enthroned:Philo, Against Flaccus , 25, see also 40; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 18.237; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 16.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.2. Royal coronations in the year 38:Dio, Roman History , 59.12.2. The palace of Polycrates and the Isthmus of Corinth:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 21. Quotation from Homer:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 22.1.

CHAPTER 3. THE CONFLICTS ESCALATE

The Consulars’ Conspiracy

Domitian’s remark:Suetonius, Domitian , 21. Chants at the theater:Dio, Roman History , 59.13.7. Corruption in the management of roads:Dio, Roman History , 59.15.3–5. Caligula’s victims in the Senate:Dio, Roman History , 59.18.4–5, 59.19. C. Calvisius Sabinus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, C 354; Tacitus, Histories , 1.48.2; cf. Plutarch, Galba , 12. Titius Rufus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 1, T 201. Junius Priscus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, I 801. Cn. Domitius Afer: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, D 126. Seneca:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 53.2.

The Moment of Truth

Speech in the Senate:Dio, Roman History , 59.16.2–7; cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 30.2. Testamentary bequests to Augustus:Suetonius, Augustus , 101.3; cf. 66.4; Tacitus, Annals , 1.8.1. Bequests to Tiberius:Dio, Roman History , 58.16.2. Bequests to Caligula made compulsory:Dio, Roman History , 59.15.1 and 6. Contributions to daughter’s education:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 42. Coerced gifts and invitations:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 343–44. Caligula’s pleasure over aristocrats’ lack of power:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 344. Auction of gladiators:Dio, Roman History , 59.14.1–4. Incitatus:Dio, Roman History , 59.14.7; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 55.3. Marriage to Caesonia:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 25.3–4; cf. Dio, Roman History , 59.23.7. Date of the wedding:Meise, Julisch-claudische Dynastie , 106–7; Barrett, Caligula , 94–95. Name for Agrippina’s son:Suetonius, Nero , 6.2. Gaetulicus in the reign of Tiberius:Tacitus, Annals , 6.30.2–4. Incursions by Germanic tribes:Suetonius, Tiberius , 41.

The Great Conspiracy and the Expedition to the North

Consuls removed from office:Dio, Roman History , 59.20.2–3. New consuls:Cn. Domitius Afer: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, D 126; A. Didius Gallus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, D 70. The African legion:Dio, Roman History , 59.20.7; cf. Tacitus, Histories , 4.48. Departure for Germania:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 43. Suetonius’s misunderstanding:cf. Willrich, “Caligula,” 307, note 1; Dio, Roman History , 59.21. Documentation on the presence of Lepidus and Caligula’s sisters in the retinue:Seneca, Moral Epistles ( Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales ), 1.4.7; Dio, Roman History , 59.22.8. Lack of suspicion against sisters documented by later auction in Gaul of their servants, household goods, and jewelry:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 39.1. Explicit references to the great conspiracy in mid-39:Suetonius, Claudius , 9.1, and Vespasian , 2.3, cf. Gaius Caligula , 24.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1; cf. also Balsdon, Emperor Gaius , 66–95; Meise, Julisch-claudische Dynastie , 91–122. Suetonius on the reasons for the expedition: Gaius Caligula , 43; cf. Dio, Roman History , 59.21.1–2, 59.22.1. The conspiracy is foiled:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 24.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1. Acta Fratrum Arvalium: Smallwood, Documents , no. 9, p. 14, ll. 18–21. Conspirators on trial in Rome:Dio, Roman History , 59.23.8. Vespasian as a praetor:Suetonius, Vespasian , 2.3. First delegation from the Senate:Dio, Roman History , 59.23.2 and 5 (Dio locates the event in Gaul); Suetonius, Claudius , 9.1. Incursions by Germanic tribes:Suetonius, Tiberius , 41, cf. Galba , 6.3. Military actions on the upper Rhine:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 44.1. On Galba:Suetonius, Galba , 6.2–3, and Vespasian , 2.3. Acclamations as imperator: Dio, Roman History , 59.22.2. Military farce:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 45.1. Tacitus on the military actions: Germania , 37.5; Histories , 4.15.3; Agricola , 13.4. Cassius Dio on wealthy Gauls: Roman History , 59.22.3. Auctions in Gaul:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 39; Dio, Roman History , 59.21.5–6. Wealthy Gaul at the emperor’s table:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 39.2. Theatrical performances in Gaul:Dio, Roman History , 59.22.1. Oratorical competition:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 20. Town of Vienna:Cf. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 212, col. 2, ll. 15–17. Events in Rome at the beginning of the year 40:Dio, Roman History , 59.24; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 17.1. Prince Adminius:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 44.2. Events at the English Channel:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 46; Dio, Roman History , 59.25.1–3 (Xiphilinus). Interpretation of the events:Balsdon, Emperor Gaius , 88–95; more recently Barrett, Caligula , 125–39. M utiny in the year 43:Dio, Roman History , 60.19.1–3. Legions punished:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 48. On the situation in Britain:Barrett, Caligula , 127–29. Tacitus on the military campaigns: Germania , 37.5; Histories , 4.15.3; Agricola , 13.2. Triumph and honors prohibited:Cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 48.2, 49.2.