Aloys Winterling - Caligula

A Perilous Youth

The poisoning of Drusus (II):Tacitus, Annals , 4.7, 4.8.1. Nero and Drusus (III):Tacitus, Annals , 4.8.3–4, 4.17.1–2; Suetonius, Tiberius , 54. Enmity toward Agrippina and her sons:Tacitus, Annals , 4.12, 4.17.3; Suetonius, Tiberius , 54. Intrigue against Agrippina at Tiberius’s dinner:Tacitus, Annals , 4.54; Suetonius, Tiberius , 53.1. Intrigues against Nero:Tacitus, Annals , 4.60. Arrest of Agrippina and Nero:Tacitus, Annals , 4.67.3–4. Caligula in the house of Livia and Antonia:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 10.1. Caligula’s funeral oration for Livia:Tacitus, Annals , 5.1.4. Death of Nero:Suetonius, Tiberius , 54.2, 61.1; Dio, Roman History , 58.8.4. Treatment of Drusus (III):Tacitus, Annals , 6.23.2, 6.24, 6.40.3; Dio, Roman History , 58.3.8. Intrigues and charges against Caligula:Tacitus, Annals , 6.3.4, 6.5.1, 6.9.2.

Capri and the Path to the Throne

Caligula moves to Capri:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 10.1. Supposed chances for the throne:Dio, Roman History , 58.8.1–2. Dynastic prestige of Germanicus’s family:Tacitus, Annals , 5.4.2; Suetonius, Tiberius , 65.2. Avillius Flaccus:Philo, Against Flaccus , 9–11. Death of Drusus:Tacitus, Annals , 6.23–24; Suetonius, Tiberius , 54. Death of Agrippina:Tacitus, Annals , 6.25; Suetonius, Tiberius , 53.1. Julius Agrippa and Caligula:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 18.161–69, 183–92. The grammarian Seleucus:Suetonius, Tiberius , 56. Caligula’s education:Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 18.206. Tiberius’s scholarly interests:Suetonius, Tiberius , 70–71. Caligula’s quaestorship:Dio, Roman History , 58.23.1. Wedding in Antium:Tacitus, Annals , 6.20; cf. Dio, Roman History (58.25.1), who places the event in the year 35. M. Junius Silanus:Tacitus, Annals , 3.57.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.5–6. Marriages of Caligula’s sisters:Tacitus, Annals , 6.15; Dio, Roman History , 58.20.1. Tiberius’s will:Suetonius, Tiberius , 76. Macro’s support, the affair with Ennia:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 32–33, 39–40, cf. 61; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 12.2; Tacitus, Annals , 6.45.3; Dio, Roman History , 58.28.4. Tiberius’s last plans for the succession and risk for Caligula:Philo, Against Flaccus , 11–12, and The Embassy to Gaius , 24–25, 41, 58; Suetonius, Tiberius , 62.3; Dio, Roman History , 57.22.4b, 58.23.2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 18.211–15; Tacitus, Annals , 6.46.3. Death of Tiberius:Tacitus, Annals , 6.50; Suetonius, Tiberius , 72–73, and Gaius Caligula , 12.2; Dio, Roman History , 58.28.3.

CHAPTER 2. TWO YEARS

AS PRINCEPS

A Young Augustus

The journey to Rome:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 13–14. Caligula’s first speech in the Senate:Dio, Roman History , 59.6.1–3. The first denunciation for conspiracy:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 15.4. Tiberius’s funeral:Dio, Roman History , 59.3.7–8; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 15.1. Tiberius’s bequests:Dio, Roman History , 59.2; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 16.3. On the drills of the Praetorian Guard:Dio, Roman History , 59.2.1. Burial of Caligula’s mother and brothers:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 15.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.3.5. Honors for his family:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 15.2–3; Dio, Roman History , 59.3.3–4. Adoption of Gemellus:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 26–27; Dio, Roman History , 59.1.3. Renunciation of honors:Dio, Roman History , 59.3.1, 59.4.4, 59.6.5. Greeting ritual:Dio, Roman History , 59.7.6.

Illness and Consolidation

Drusilla and Lepidus:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 24.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.22.6–7. Caligula’s illness:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 14; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 14.2; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.1. The murder of Gemellus:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 23, 29–31; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 23.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.1 and 3. The fall of Macro:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 58–61; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 26.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.10.6–7 (Dio’s chronology is confused). M. Arrecinus Clemens: Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2, A 1073. Execution of further supporters of Gemellus:Dio, Roman History , 59.8.1, 59.10.7–9. Avillius Flaccus:Philo, Against Flaccus , 9–10. Silanus:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 23.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.4–6. Reasons for aristocrats’ suicides:Tacitus, Annals , 6.29. The chronological order for the downfall of Macro and Silanus follows Philo’s account. Marriage:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 25.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.8.7–8 (where the bride’s name is given as Cornelia Orestina). New Year’s oaths, rationes imperii , works on history, the courts, the equestrian order:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 16.1–2; Dio, Roman History , 59.9.1–2 and 4–5. Reintroduction of popular elections:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 16.2; Dio, Roman History , 59.9.6, 59.20.3–6. Collegia: Dio, Roman History , 60.6.6. Games in the year 38:Dio, Roman History , 59.10.1–5; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 18.1; cf. 21. Honors for Caligula:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 16.4. Agrippa’s close friendship with Caligula:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 268. Deaths of flatterers:Dio, Roman History , 59.8.3–4; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 27.2.

Holding Power

Aristocratic households:Rilinger, “Domus und res publica.” Ceremony at the salutatio: Seneca, On Favors ( De Beneficiis ), 6.33–34. Bequests in Tiberius’s will:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 37.3; Dio, Roman History , 59.2.6. Caligula’s buildings on the Palatine:Winterling, Aula Caesaris , 57–59. Presence of Agrippina and others at the salutatio: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 261–62, 267. Macro’s admonition at banquet:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 42–44. Order of seating at table:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 24.1, and Claudius , 8. Guests at Caligula’s banquets:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 55.2, 32.3, 36.1–2, and Vespasian , 2.3. Foods served:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 37.1. Expenditure by aristocrats:Pliny, Natural History , 9.117. Cleopatra:Pliny, Natural History , 9.119–20. Macro’s admonitions about behavior in public:Philo, The Embassy to Gaius , 45–46. Gaianum: Dio, Roman History , 59.14.6. Vitellius:Suetonius, Vitellius , 4, 17.2. Caligula as a gladiator:Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 32.2, 54.1; Dio, Roman History , 59.5.5. Apelles and Mnester:Dio, Roman History , 59.5.2; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula , 36.1, 55.1. Augustus at games:Suetonius, Augustus , 43.2–3. Caligula’s behavior at games:Dio, Roman History , 59.5.4, 59.13.5.