Robert Service - Stalin - A Biography

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Overthrowing the conventional image of Stalin as an uneducated political administrator inexplicably transformed into a pathological killer, Robert Service reveals a more complex and fascinating story behind this notorious twentieth-century figure. Drawing on unexplored archives and personal testimonies gathered from across Russia and Georgia, this is the first full-scale biography of the Soviet dictator in twenty years.
Service describes in unprecedented detail the first half of Stalin’s life—his childhood in Georgia as the son of a violent, drunkard father and a devoted mother; his education and religious training; and his political activity as a young revolutionary. No mere messenger for Lenin, Stalin was a prominent activist long before the Russian Revolution. Equally compelling is the depiction of Stalin as Soviet leader. Service recasts the image of Stalin as unimpeded despot; his control was not limitless. And his conviction that enemies surrounded him was not entirely unfounded.
Stalin was not just a vengeful dictator but also a man fascinated by ideas and a voracious reader of Marxist doctrine and Russian and Georgian literature as well as an internationalist committed to seeing Russia assume a powerful role on the world stage. In examining the multidimensional legacy of Stalin, Service helps explain why later would-be reformers—such as Khrushchev and Gorbachev—found the Stalinist legacy surprisingly hard to dislodge.
Rather than diminishing the horrors of Stalinism, this is an account all the more disturbing for presenting a believable human portrait. Service’s lifetime engagement with Soviet Russia has resulted in the most comprehensive and compelling portrayal of Stalin to date.

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Zbarski, Boris

Zelenski, I.A.

Zhdanov, Andrei: and grain procurement; and national identity; in Great Terror; and recruitment of functionaries; class background; association with Stalin; in Baltic region; drinking; accompanies Stalin’s singing on piano; at Sklarska Poreba conference founding Cominform; on ‘two camps’; in anti-Tito campaign; at Second Cominform Conference; advocates strengthening power of Party; status and authority; death; praises Yugoslavs

Zhdanov, Yuri: marries Svetlana

Zhemchuzhina, Polina (Molotov’s wife) see Molotova, Polina

Zhirinovski, Vladimir

Zhiruli, Giorgi

Zhizn natsionalnostei (newspaper)

Zhordania, Noe

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi: command in Far East; plans war with Germany; and German invasion of USSR; denied intelligence on Germany; on Stalin’s recovery after German invasion; in Stavka, ref; in defence of Moscow; strategy; appointed Deputy Supreme Commander; and defence of Stalingrad; plans counter-offensive; awarded Order of Suvorov; on Stalin’s smoking; stands up to Stalin; Stalin mistrusts; on Stalin’s learning mastery of military matters; final offensive; and Red Army pause in Warsaw Rising; and capture of Berlin; vows to parade Hitler in cage; leads 1945 victory parade; Stalin suspects and relegates

Zinoviev, Grigori: character; controls Leningrad press; in Central Committee; internationalism, ref; Lenin demands punishment of; supports Stalin over national question; speechmaking; in hiding; asks to return to work; opposes Lenin’s revolutionary policy; status and fame; Jewishness; supports separate peace in First World War; in Civil War; and revolutions overseas; supports Lenin in trade unions dispute; health problems; administrative duties; encourages German armed rising; in Lenin’s Testament; protects and allies with Stalin; and Georgian nationalism; objects to Stalin’s ambitiousness; appointed to Orgburo; at Lenin’s funeral; fails to press Testament charges against Stalin; defeats Left Opposition; Stalin turns against; economic policy; as potential successor to Lenin; opposes Stalin and Bukharin; writes on Leninism; dismissed from Politburo; excluded from Central Committee; and Bukharin’s agrarian policy; as continuing threat; evidence of disloyalty to Stalin; arrested and sentenced; on Stalin’s exploiting Kirov’s assassination; confession and execution; Voroshilov disparages

Zola, Émile: Germinal

Zubalov family

Zubalovo (dacha)

Zvezda (newspaper)

Zyuganov, Gennadi

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 View of Gori Fortress taken from the town 2 Stalins mother Ketevan 3 - фото 6
1. View of Gori Fortress taken from the town.
2 Stalins mother Ketevan 3 Stalins first wife Ketevan Svanidze 4 The - фото 7
2. Stalin’s mother Ketevan.
3 Stalins first wife Ketevan Svanidze 4 The balcony of one of the houses - фото 8
3. Stalin’s first wife Ketevan Svanidze.
4 The balcony of one of the houses Stalin grew up in a shrinecomplex was - фото 9
4. The balcony of one of the houses Stalin grew up in — a shrine-complex was erected over it in the 1930s.
5 The Mantashëv Shoe Factory in Tbilisi Once a place of dirt and poverty it - фото 10
5. The Mantashëv Shoe Factory in Tbilisi. Once a place of dirt and poverty it is now being turned into luxury flats.
6 The front of the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary It is now a museum of Georgian - фото 11
6. The front of the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary. It is now a museum of Georgian national culture.
7 The Physical Observatory on Mikhailovski Street 8 Stalin as a young man - фото 12
7. The Physical Observatory on Mikhailovski Street.
8 Stalin as a young man This photo has been heavily improved by Stalinist - фото 13
8. Stalin as a young man. This photo has been heavily ‘improved’ by Stalinist air-brushers.
9 Vladimir Lenin Taken in January 1918 this was his first official portrait - фото 14
9. Vladimir Lenin. Taken in January 1918, this was his first official portrait after the October Revolution (and after he had regrown his beard).
10 Group photograph of Bolshevik exiles in Turukhansk District Stalin wearing - фото 15
10. Group photograph of Bolshevik exiles in Turukhansk District Stalin, wearing a black hat, stands at the back next to his friend (at that time) Lev Kamenev. Yakov Sverdlov, sporting a bouffant hairstyle and spectacles, is seated to the right.
11 Nadezhda Krupskaya 12 Lev Trotski 13 Lev Kamenev - фото 16
11. Nadezhda Krupskaya.
12 Lev Trotski 13 Lev Kamenev 14 Grigori Zinoviev - фото 17
12. Lev Trotski.
13 Lev Kamenev 14 Grigori Zinoviev 15 Nikolai Bukharin - фото 18
13. Lev Kamenev
14 Grigori Zinoviev 15 Nikolai Bukharin 16 General Secretary Stalin in - фото 19
14. Grigori Zinoviev
15 Nikolai Bukharin 16 General Secretary Stalin in 1924 This was an - фото 20
15. Nikolai Bukharin.
16 General Secretary Stalin in 1924 This was an official portrait by M S - фото 21
16. General Secretary Stalin in 1924. This was an official portrait by M. S. Nappelbaum.
17 Stalins second wife Nadezhda Allilueva Nadya 18 Stalin gives daughter - фото 22
17. Stalin’s second wife Nadezhda Allilueva — Nadya.
18 Stalin gives daughter Svetlana a cuddle 19 Stalins first son Yakob - фото 23
18. Stalin gives daughter Svetlana a cuddle.
19 Stalins first son Yakob Dzhughashvili after being taken prisoner by the - фото 24
19. Stalin’s first son Yakob Dzhughashvili after being taken prisoner by the Wehrmacht.
20 Stalins son Vasili at the controls of his aircraft 21 Stalin in 1932 - фото 25
20. Stalin’s son Vasili at the controls of his aircraft.
21 Stalin in 1932 22 Stalins Pipe The smoke coils around wreckers and - фото 26
21. Stalin in 1932.
22 Stalins Pipe The smoke coils around wreckers and kulaks Drawn by V N - фото 27
22. ‘Stalin’s Pipe’. The smoke coils around wreckers and kulaks. Drawn by V. N. Deni, it appeared in Pravda on 25 February 1930.
23 Mikhail Kalinin Lazar Kaganovich Sergo Ordzhonikidze Stalin Kliment - фото 28
23. Mikhail Kalinin, Lazar Kaganovich, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov and Sergei Kirov at a celebration of Stalin’s fiftieth birthday.
24 Anastas Mikoyan gesticulates to Maxim Gorki and Kliment Voroshilov 25 - фото 29
24. Anastas Mikoyan gesticulates to Maxim Gorki and Kliment Voroshilov.
25 Stalin together with Vyacheslav Molotov 26 Line drawing by V N Deni - фото 30
25. Stalin together with Vyacheslav Molotov.
26 Line drawing by V N Deni Stalin stands in Napoleonic pose with modern - фото 31
26. Line drawing by V. N. Deni: Stalin stands in Napoleonic pose with modern industrial structures and a banner of Lenin in the background.
27 Stalins Ally cartoon in the Daily Telegraph 6 October 1939 28 The - фото 32
27. ‘Stalin’s Ally’: cartoon in the Daily Telegraph, 6 October 1939.
28 The PlutocraticBolshevik Wedding Nazi cartoon in Preussische Zeitung 16 - фото 33
28. The Plutocratic-Bolshevik Wedding’: Nazi cartoon in Preussische Zeitung, 16 July 1941. A Hasidic Jew unites Stalin and Churchill in marriage. Molotov and Halifax stand behind them.
29 Stalins work desk in the carriage 30 Stalins rail carriage FD 3878 - фото 34
29. Stalin’s work desk in the carriage.
30 Stalins rail carriage FD 3878 31 Stalin Roosevelt and Churchill at the - фото 35
30. Stalin’s rail carriage FD 3878.
31 Stalin Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 - фото 36
31. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta Conference in February 1945.
32 Generalissimus Stalin in 1945 The image disguises the haggard reality of - фото 37
32. Generalissimus Stalin in 1945. The image disguises the haggard reality of his appearance.
33 Postwar poster Stalin shakes hands with a military officer The caption - фото 38
33. Post-war poster: Stalin shakes hands with a military officer. The caption runs: ‘Work so as to be thanked by comrade Stalin!’
34 Postwar poster with children gazing adoringly at Stalin and saying Thank - фото 39

34. Post-war poster with children gazing adoringly at Stalin and saying: ‘Thank you, our dear Stalin, for our happy childhood!’

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