Edward Freeman - The Growth of the English Constitution

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What I say of Uri and the other democratic Cantons must not be misunderstood, as if I all accepted the now exploded dreams which made out the Waldstädte or Forest Cantons to have had some special origin, and some special independence, apart from the rest of Germany. The researches of modern scholars have shown, not only that the Forest Cantons were members of the Empire like their neighbours, but that various lesser lords, spiritual and temporal, held different rights within them. Their acquisition of perfect independence, even their deliverance from other lords and promotion to the state of Reichsunmittelbarkeit or immediate dependence on the Empire, was a work of time. Thus Uri itself, or part of it, was granted in 853 by Lewis the German to the Abbey of Nuns ( Fraumünster ) in Zürich, and it was not till 1231 that its independence of any lord but the Emperor was formally acknowledged. But the universal supremacy of the Empire in no way interfered with the internal constitution of any district, city, or principality; nor was such interference necessarily implied even in subjection to some intermediate lord. The rule of a female monastery especially would be very light. And from the earliest times we find both the men of Uri in general and the men of particular parts of the district ( Gemeinden , Communes , or parishes) spoken of as communities capable of acting together, and even of treating with those who claimed to be their masters. (“Nos inhabitantes Uroniam” appear in a deed of 955 as capable of making an agreement with the officer of the Abbey at Zürich.) All this is in no way peculiar to the Forest Cantons; it is no more than what we find everywhere; what is peculiar is that, whereas elsewhere the old local communities gradually died out, in the Forest Cantons they lived and flourished, and gained new rights and powers till they grew into absolutely independent commonwealths. I think therefore that I have a right to speak of the democracy of Uri as immemorial. It is not immemorial in its fully developed shape, but that fully developed shape grew step by step out of earlier forms which are strictly immemorial and common to the whole Teutonic race.

On the early history of the democratic Cantons, a subject than which none has been more thoroughly misunderstood, I am not able to point to any one trustworthy work in English. Among the writings of Swiss scholars – shut up for the most part from readers of other nations in the inaccessible Transactions of local Societies – there is a vast literature on the subject, of the whole of which I am far from pretending to be master. But I may refer to the Essai sur l’Etat des Personnes et la Condition des Terres dans le Pays d’Ury au XIII e Siècle , by the Baron Frederick de Gingins-la-Sarraz, in the Archiv für schweizerische Geschichte , i. 17; to Dr. J. R. Burckhardt’s Untersuchungen über die erste Bevölkerung des Alpengebirgs in the same collection, iv. 3; to the early chapters of the great work of Bluntschli, Geschichte des schweizerischen Bundesrechtes (Zürich, 1849), and of Blumer’s Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der schweizerischen Demokratien (St. Gallen, 1850); to Dr. Alfons Huber, Die Waldstaette (Innsbruck, 1861), and Dr. Wilhelm Vischer, Die Sage von der Befreiung der Waldstädte (Leipzig, 1867). Dr. H. von Liebenau, in Die Tell-Sage zu dem Jahre 1230, takes a line of his own. The results of the whole inquiry will be found in the most accessible form in M. Albert Rilliet’s Les Origines de la Confédération Suisse (Genève et Bâle, 1868).

Individual Swiss mercenaries may doubtless still be found in foreign armies, as Italy some years back knew to her cost. But the Federal Constitution of 1848 altogether swept away the system of military capitulations which used to be publicly entered into by the Cantons.

See Johannes von Müller, Geschichte der schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft , Book v., c. 1 (vol. xvi. p. 25, of his sämmtliche Werke , Stuttgart und Tübingen, 1832, and the note in vol. xxii. p. 14; or the French translation, vol. viii. p. 35: Paris and Geneva, 1840). The description in Peterman Etterlin’s Chronicle, p. 204 (Basel, 1752), is worth quoting in the original. “Dann do der Hertzog von Burgunn gesach den züg den berg ab züchen, schein die sunn gerad in sy, und glitzet als wie ein spiegel, des gelichen lüyet das horn von Ury, auch die harschorne von Lutzern, und was ein sölich toffen, das des Hertzogen von Burgunn lüt ein grusen darab entpfiengent, und trattent hinder sich.”

The magistrates rode when I was present at the Landesgemeinden of 1863 and 1864. I trust that so good a custom has not passed away.

On the character and position of Phôkiôn, see Grote, xi. 382, xii. 481; and on the general question of the alleged fickleness of the Athenian people, see iv. 496.

Some years ago I went through all the elections to the Bundesrath or Executive Council in Switzerland, and found that in eighteen years it had only twice happened that a member of the Council seeking reelection had failed to obtain it. I therefore think that I was right in congratulating a member of the Federal Council, whom I had the pleasure of meeting last year, on being a member of the most permanent government in Europe.

Under the so-called Helvetic Republic of 1798, the Cantons ceased to be sovereign States, and became mere divisions, like counties or departments. One of the earliest provisions of this constitution abolishes the ancient democracies of the Forest Cantons. “Die Regierungsform, wenn sie auch sollte verändert werden, soll allezeit eine repräsentative Demokratie sein.” (See the text in Bluntschli, ii. 305.) The “repräsentative Demokratie” thus forced on these ancient commonwealths by the sham democrats of Paris was meant to exclude the pure democracy of Athens and Uri.

The Federal system was in some sort restored by the Act of Mediation ( Vermittlungsakte ) of Napoleon Buonaparte, when First Consul in 1803. See the text in Bluntschli, ii. 322.

Appenzell, though its history had long been connected with that of the Confederates, was not actually admitted as a Canton till December 1513, being the youngest of the thirteen Cantons which formed the Confederation down to 1798. See Zellweger, Geschichte des Appenzellischen Volkes , ii. 366, and the text in his Urkunden , ii. part 2, p. 481, or in the older Appenzeller Chronick of Walser (Saint Gallen, 1740), 410, and the Act in his Anhang , p. 18. The frontispiece of this volume contains a lively picture of a Landesgemeinde . In 1597 the Canton was divided into the two Half-cantons of Ausser-Rhoden , Protestant, and Inner-Rhoden , Catholic. See Zellweger, iii. part 2, p. 160; Walser, 553.