Henry Fishwick - A History of Lancashire

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“Recent Results of the Investigation into Local [Rochdale] Erratic Blocks,” by S. S. Platt.

H. Colley March, F.S.A., “The Early Neolithic Floor of East Lancashire,” p. 7.

Engraved, with other flints, in “History of Rochdale,” p. 4.

A complete list, up to date, will be found in Rev. William Harrison’s “Archæological Survey of Lancashire,” which will appear in the next volume of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society.

H. Swainson Cowper, Esq., F.S.A.

Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches. , xx. 131.

Engraved in “History of Rochdale,” p. 5. See also Archæologia , xxv. 595.

See Transactions of Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches. , xxx. 81.

“Annals,” xii. 31.

Tacitus, “Hist.,” book iii., ch. lix.

Tacitus, “Vita Agricolæ,” cap. xx.

Xiphiline’s abridgment of Dion Cassius. It may be well here to state my general indebtedness to the late W. Thompson Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire”; Liverpool, 1883.

E. Sanderson, “Hist. of England,” p. 19.

“Roman Lancashire,” W. Thompson Watkin; Liverpool, 1883.

There are also traces of two other supposed Roman roads.

Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc. , iii. 262.

Whitaker’s “History of Manchester,” 1771.

Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc. , viii. 156.

Whitaker as an authority is good where he is describing things which he saw himself, but otherwise many of his theories border upon romance. (Vol. i., p. 49, 1773 edition.)

The late Mr. Thompson Watkin maintains that the N at end of the first line should be AV.

“Palatine Note–Book,” iii. 67.

For full details of these see Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire.”

Archæological Journal , xxviii., p. 114, and xxx., p. 153.

Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 55.

Through the influence of the Rev. J. Shortt, Vicar of Hoghton, whose description of the find is here followed.

Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 133.

Mr. Townley. See “Vetusta Monumenta,” iv. 5.

Abram’s “History of Blackburn,” p. 159.

Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc. , xxv. 161.

Whitaker’s “History of Whalley,” ii. 19.

Baines’ “History of Lancashire” (second edition), ii. 24.

Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc. , iii. 3.

Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches. , iii. 60; also Fishwick’s “History of Kirkham,” Chetham Soc. , xcii. 5.

Fishwick’s “History of Poulton–le–Fylde,” Chetham Soc. , new series, viii. 4; also civ. 2.

Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 203.

“The Palatine Note–book,” iv. 201.

Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 7; also Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc. , p. 73 et seq.

Ibid. , p. 12.

Authorities differ as to this locality: one writer places it on the Firth of Forth, another in Worcestershire.

Pp. 36, 39.

Sanderson’s “History of England,” p. 44.

A.D. 923.

After the death of Cnut, in 1035, the kingdom was again divided, and Mercia and Northumbria fell to Harold. Harthacnut was (in 1039), however, King of all England.

Vol. i., p. 12, 2nd edit.

Coucher Book, Duchy Office, No. 78.

Originally a tax paid to the Danes, but afterwards appropriated to the King. It was always a very unpopular tax.

Plan of this in Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 66.

“Eccles. Hist.,” lib. iii., cap. 8.

Baines’ “Hist. of Lanc.,” ii. 205, 2nd edit.

The following account of it is compiled from an article in Archæologia , vol. liii., part iii., by H. Swainson Cowper, Esq., F.S.A.

See Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc. , v. 1 et seq.

See Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc. , v. 227.

Saxon Chronicle and the Chronicle of Simon of Durham.

Arch. Journal , vi. 74; and “History of Garstang,” Chetham Soc. , civ. 5.

Fishwick’s “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” Chetham Soc. , xxv. (new series), p. 2.

In the original document the names are often very different to the ones now in use, but they have all been identified as referring to the localities above given.

“There is a priest there having half a carucate of land in frank amoign.”

Said to be waste.

Other forests are named at Latham, Aughton, Milling, Lydiate, and other places.

The hora was not a coin, but an equivalent for about 1s. 6d. or 1s. 8d.

In South Lancashire it is believed that six carucates made a hide. A carucate was about 100 acres, but was a variable term.

This will serve as a proof that foresta (= a wood or forest) was not necessarily a dense mass of trees, but rather a place where game of every kind abounded.

Their individual holdings are 3 hides and half a carucate, 2 carucates, 1½ carucates, 1 carucate and 2 carucates = 3 hides and 7 carucates. Their united holding is put down as 22 carucates, so that a hide in this case equals 5 carucates.