Genome - Matt Ridley

6. Fisher, S. E., Vargha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P. and Pembrey, M. E. (1998). Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature Genetics 18: 168—70.

7. Gopnik, M. (1990). Feature-blind grammar and dysphasia. Nature 344: 715.

8. Fletcher, P. (1990). Speech and language deficits. Nature 346: 226; Vargha-Khadem, F. and Passingham, R. E. (1990). Speech and language deficits.

Nature 346: 226.

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9. Gopnik, M., Dalakis, J., Fukuda, S. E., Fukuda, S. and Kehayia, E.

(1996). Genetic language impairment: unruly grammars. In Runciman, W. G., Maynard Smith, J. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (eds), Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man, pp. 223—49. Oxford University Press, Oxford; Gopnik, M. (ed.) (1997). The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

10. Gopnik, M. and Goad, H. (1997). What underlies inflectional error patterns in genetic dysphasia? Journal of Neurolinguistics 10: 109—38; Gopnik, M. (1999)- Familial language impairment: more English evidence. Folia Pho-netica et Logopaedia 51: in press. Myrna Gopnik, e-mail correspondence with the author, 1998.

11. Associated Press, 8 May 1997; Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: the new science of language and mind. Penguin, London.

12. Mineka, S. and Cook, M. (1993). Mechanisms involved in the observa-tional conditioning of fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General 122: 23-38.

13. Dawkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. Longman, Essex.

C H R O M O S O M E S X A N D Y

The best place to find out more about intragenomic conflict is in Michael Majerus, Bill Amos and Gregory Hurst's textbook Evolution: the four billion year war (Longman, 1996) and W. D. Hamilton's Narrow roads of gene land (W. H. Freeman, 1995). For the studies that led to the conclusion that homosexuality was partly genetic, see Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland's The science of desire (Simon and Schuster, 1995) and Chandler Burr's A separate creation: how biology makes us gay (Bantam Press, 1996).

1. Amos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177—86.

2. Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1 —10.

3. Majerus, M., Amos, W. and Hurst, G. (1996). Evolution: the four billion year war. Longman, Essex.

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4. Swain, A., Narvaez, V., Burgoyne, P., Camerino, G. and Lovell-Badge, R. (1998). Daxi antagonises sry action in mammalian sex determination.

Nature 391: 761—7.

5. Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477—88.

6. Amos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177—86.

7. Rice, W. R. (1992). Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence.

Science 256: 1436—9.

8. Haig, D. (1993). Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 495 — 531.

9. Holland, B. and Rice, W. R. (1998). Chase-away sexual selection: antagonistic seduction versus resistance. Evolution 52: 1—7.

10. Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1 —10.

11. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.

Science 261:321-7; Pillard, R. C. and Weinrich, J. D. (1986). Evidence of familial nature of male homosexuality. Archives of General Psychiatry 43: 808—12.

12. Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 1089—96; Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research 6: 126—50.

13. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.

Science 261: 321—7.

14. Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C, Dawood, K., Miller, M. B., Trivedi, S., Farrer, L. A. and Murphy, R. L.; in press. A family history study of male sexual orientation: no evidence for X-linked transmission. Behaviour Genetics.

15. Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual Review of Sex Research 8: 27-67.

16. Blanchard, R. and Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185:373-8; Arthur, B. I., Jallon, J.-M., Caflisch, B., Choffat, Y. and Nothiger, R. (1998). Sexual behaviour in Drosophila is irreversibly programmed during a critical period. Current Biology 8: 1187-90.

17. Hamilton, W. D. (1995). Narrow roads of gene land, Vol. 1. W. H. Freeman, Basingstoke.

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C H R O M O S O M E 8

Again, one of the best sources on mobile genetic elements is the textbook by Michael Majerus, Bill Amos and Gregory Hurst: Evolution: the jour billion year war (Longman, 1996). A good account of the invention of genetic fingerprinting is in Walter Bodmer and Robin McKie's The book of man (Little, Brown, 1994). Sperm competition theory is explored in Tim Birkhead and Anders Moller's Sperm competition in birds (Academic Press, 1992).

1. Susan Blackmore explained this trick in her article "The power of the meme meme' in the Skeptic, Vol. 5 no. 2, p. 45.

2. Kazazian, H. H. and Moran, J. V. (1998). The impact of Li retrotransposons on the human genome. Nature Genetics 19: 19—24.

3. Casane, D., Boissinot, S., Chang, B. H. J., Shimmin, L. C. and Li, W. H.

(1997). Mutation pattern variation among regions of the primate genome.

Journal of Molecular Evolution 45: 216—26.

4. Doolittle, W. F. and Sapienza, C. (1980). Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284: 601—3; Orgel, L. E. and Crick, F. H. C. (1980). Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature 284: 604-7.

5. McClintock, B. (1951). Chromosome organisation and genie expression.

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 16: 13—47.

6. Yoder, J. A., Walsh, C. P. and Bestor, T. H. (1997). Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends in Genetics 13: 335—40; Garrick, D., Fiering, S., Martin, D. I. K. and Whitelaw, E. (1998). Repeat-induced gene silencing in mammals. Nature Genetics 18: 56-9.

7. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V. and Thein, S. L. (198 5). Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature 314: 67—73.

8. Reilly, P. R. and Page, D. C. (1998). We're off to see the genome. Nature Genetics 20: 15 — 17; New Scientist, 28 February 1998, p. 20.

9. See Daily Telegraph, 14 July 1998, and Sunday Times, 19 July 1998.

10. Ridley, M. (1993). The Red Queen: sex and the evolution of human nature.

Viking, London.

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