Chalmers Johnson - Blowback, Second Edition - The Costs and Consequences of American Empire

19. Jakarta Post , reprinted in the Straits Times, July 20, 1998.

20. Asiaweek , July 24, 1998, p. 30.

21. William McGurn, in Asian Wall Street Journal , July 10–11, 1998.

22. Nation , June 15–22, 1998.

23. Washington Post , July 25, 1998.

24. Philip Shenon (New York Times) , “U.S. Delegation Puts Emphasis on Human Rights in Indonesia,” San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2, 1998.

25. International Herald Tribune , July 21, 1998.

26. Ken Silverstein, “Privatizing War, How Affairs of State Are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control,” Nation , July 28—August 4, 1997.

27. See the Arms Control and Disarmament’s Web site at http://www.acda.gov/factshee/conwpn/wmeatfs.htm.

28. Center for Defense Information, Weekly Defense Monitor 2:24 (June 18, 1998), on-line at http://www.cdi.org/weekly/1998/issue24/index.html#1.

29. For details, see the SIPRI Web site at http://www.sipri.se.

30. Press release on Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 34 of February 17, 1995.

31. Quoted by Lora Lumpe in the Nonviolent Activist , May—June 1995.

32. Quoted in “Clinton’s Conventional Arms Export Policy: So Little Change,” Arms Control Today , May 1995, available from the Federation of American Scientists at http://www.fas.org/asmp/library/articles/actmay95.html.

33. For details on these sales to Taiwan, see Associated Press, August 27, 1998.

34. Oscar Arias, “Stopping America’s Most Lethal Export,” New York Times , June 23, 1999.

35. Mary McGrory, in the Washington Post , July 26, 1998.

36. Los Angeles Times , June 28, 1996.

37. Jimmy Carter, “Have We Forgotten the Path to Peace?” New York Times , May 27, 1999.

4: South Korea: Legacy of the Cold War

1. Raymond Aron, “The Impact of Marxism in the Twentieth Century,” in Milorad M. Drachkovitch, ed., Marxism in the Modern World (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 17.

2. The main sources concerning the Cheju uprising are cataloged on-line on the Korea Web Weekly at http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/cheju.htm. The most important of these are a) the memoirs of Gen. Kim Ik-ruhl, the commander of the 9th Regiment, during the early phase of the Cheju massacre; b) Wolcott Wheeler, “The 1948 Cheju-do Civil War”; c) Huh Sang-soo, “On Properly Assessing the Cheju April 3rd Popular Uprising”; d) Yang Hankwon, “The Truth About the Cheju April 3rd Insurrection”; e) Oh Gun-sook, “Violation of Women’s Rights and the Cheju April 3rd Massacre”; f) Kang Chung-ku, professor of sociology, Dong-Gook University, “The US Korea Policy, Division of Korea, and the April 3rd Insurrection”; and g) James West, “Cheju April 3rd Martial Law: Was It Legal?” Also see Bruce Cumings (history, University of Chicago), “The Question of American Responsibility for the Suppression of the Cheju-do Uprising,” paper presented at the Fiftieth Anniversary Conference of the Cheju Rebellion, Tokyo, March 14, 1998, and available on-line at http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/cheju98.htm. Muccio is quoted by Cumings.

3. Los Angeles Times , April 16, 1996; and Lee Wha-rang, August 14, 1998, at http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nkclinto.htm.

4. Korea Times , May 13, 1998.

5. United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (New York: United Nations, 1957), p. 6.

6. Ibid ., p. 25.

7. Ibid ., p. 10.

8. London Review of Books , October 17, 1996.

9. Jungang Ilbo , September 27, 1997.

10. See Nucleonics Week , January 7, 1998.

11. Shorrock’s analyses have been published in Korean and English primarily on the Internet. See http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/kwangju3.htm and http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/shorrok.htm. In February 1997 the Seoul High Court ordered these documents released to the Korean public despite protests from the U.S. government. See Chosun Ilbo , February 21, 1997. See also Tim Shorrock, “U.S. Knew of South Korea Crackdown,” Journal of Commerce , February 27, 1996; and “Debacle in Kwangju,” Nation , December 9, 1996.

12. See http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/kwangju3.htm.

13. For an authoritative account, see Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), p. 377.

14. Donald N. Clark, “U.S. Role in Kwangju and Beyond,” Los Angeles Times , August 29, 1996.

15. These details are from Sam Jameson, former Los Angeles Times bureau chief in Tokyo and Seoul, in an unpublished paper entitled “Reflections on Kwangju,” April 7, 1997.

16. New York Times , January 21, 1998.

17. Asian Wall Street Journal , October 8, 1996.

18. Tim Shorrock, “Debacle in Kwangju,” Nation , December 9, 1996.

5: North Korea: Endgame of the Cold War

1. U.S. News & World Report , July 25, 1994.

2. Daniel Burstein, Privileged Information 1.3 (March 1995).

3. Associated Press, September 1, 1994.

4. Tokyo Insideline , no. 34 (November 30, 1994).

5. Agence France-Press, March 5, 1999.

6. On the seven hundred thousand Koreans in Japan, see George Hicks, Japan’s Hidden Apartheid: The Korean Minority and the Japanese (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 1998).

7. Bungei Shunju staff, eds., “Seifu naibu bunsho o nyushu, Kita Chosen wa ko ugoku” (Internal Government Document: How North Korea Will Act), Bungei Shunju , July 1994.

8. Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), p. 476.

9. Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 14, 1998, p. 58f, and September 21, 1998, pp. 30–31.

10. “Successful Launch of First Satellite in DPRK [Democratic People’s Republic of Korea],” http://fas.org/news/dprk/1998/980904-kcna.htm.

11. Gilman’s statement at hearings of the House International Relations Committee, February 25, 1999; Tenet, New York Times , February 3, 1999. See also “Opening Statement from Benjamin A. Gilman, Chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives International Relations Committee, at Hearings Regarding U.S. Policy Toward the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,” Northeast Asia Peace and Security “Special Report,” March 24, 1999, from NAPSNet@nautilus.org.

12. Washington Post , August 27, 1997.

13. New York Times , August 28, 1997.

14. “Special State Department Briefing,” U.S. Information Agency Transcript, August 26, 1997.

15. Newsweek , September 8, 1997.

16. New York Times , August 17, 1998.

17. Selig S. Harrison, “The Korean Showdown That Shouldn’t Happen,” Washington Post , November 22, 1998; Executive Intelligence Review , January 1, 1999, p. 46. Evidence of unauthorized disclosure of highly classified intelligence information for political purposes can be found in Bill Gertz, Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1999). Gertz, an avowed enemy of President Clinton, is the defense reporter for the Washington Times , one of the primary vehicles for disseminating leaked C.I.A. and D.I.A. documents. This book includes photocopies of highly classified documents published without U.S. government permission (pp. 219–84).

18. C. Kenneth Quinones, “North Korea’s ‘New’ Nuclear Site—Fact or Fiction?” Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network, Special Report, Policy Forum On-Line, no. 21, October 5, 1998, available from NAPSNet@nautilus.org or on-line at http://www.nautilus.org/napsnet/fora/21A_Quinones.html.