Chalmers Johnson - Blowback, Second Edition - The Costs and Consequences of American Empire

19. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1967), p. 13.

20. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), pp. 514–15.

21. Giovanni Arrighi and Beverly Silver, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 288–89.

2: Okinawa: Asia’s Last Colony

1. Los Angeles Times , December 28, 1995.

2. Robert Burns, Associated Press, San Diego Union-Tribune , November 18, 1995.

3. Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S. Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 7.

4. New York Times , November 2, 1995.

5. Letter to the San Diego Union-Tribune , July 20, 1996.

6. Los Angeles Times , December 2, 1996.

7. “Proposal for a New Okinawa—the Voice of Women,” Ryukyuanist (The International Society for Ryukyuan Studies), Newsletter no. 37, Summer 1997, p. 2.

8. New York Times , editorial, October 29, 1995.

9. Time, November 29, 1949; and Nicholas E. Sarantakes, “Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1945–1972,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California.

10. Japan Times , December 8, 1995.

11. Nikkei Weekly , October 9, 1995.

12. The full report by Russell Carollo, Jeff Nesmith, and Carol Hernandez is available from Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc., 138 Neff Annex, Missouri School of Journalism, Columbia, MO 65211; $19.65, 64 pp.

13. Nation , July 1, 1996.

14. Los Angeles Times, October 8, 1995.

15. Newsweek , October 14, 1996.

16. Okinawa Times , March 9, 1996.

17. Japan Times , April 21, 1996.

18. Newsweek , October 14, 1996.

19. Washington Post, December 8, 1995.

20. Okinawa Times , April 27, 1998.

21. General Accounting Office, Overseas Presence: Issues Involved in Reducing the Impact of the U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa: Report to the Honorable Duncan Hunter, House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 1998), p. 47.

22. See, e.g., Bill Mesler, “Pentagon Poison: The Great Radioactive Ammo Cover-up,” Nation , May 26, 1997.

23. Bill Gertz, “U.S. Slow to Inform Japan of Accident; Hundreds of Radioactive Bullets Were Fired in Training Exercise Near Okinawa,” Washington Times , February 10, 1997.

24. Mainichi Shimbun , June 25, 1997.

25. “The Okinawan Charade,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper , no. 28, January 1997.

26. Nikkei Weekly , May 5, 1997.

27. Ryukyu Shimpo , December 22, 1995, evening edition.

28. Kozy K. Amemiya, “The Bolivian Connection: U.S. Bases and Okinawan Emigration,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper , no. 25, October 1996; Asia Times , October 21, 22, 1996.

29. Los Angeles Times , October 26, 1995.

30. Aera (Tokyo), October 9, 1995; Asahi Evening News , May 6, 1997; Asahi Shimbun , May 17, 1997; Japan Press Weekly , no. 2040, May 24, 1997, p. 7; and Nikkei Weekly , August 11, 1997.

31. Pacific Stars and Stripes , July 23, 1998.

32. Asahi Evening News , June 28, 1998.

33. New York Times , April 2, 1994.

34. Morihiro Hosokawa, “Are U.S. Troops in Japan Needed?” Foreign Affairs 77.4 (July–August 1998), pp. 2–6.

35. Shunji Taoka, “The Japanese-American Security Treaty Without a U.S. Military Presence,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper , no. 31, March 1997; and Taoka, “The Way to Save the U.S. Japan Alliance,” NIRA Review , Summer 1997, pp. 3–8.

36. Washington Post , March 27, 1990.

37. Mary Jordan and Kevin Sullivan, Washington Post , March 7, 1996.

38. Asahi Shimbun , March 19, 1999.

39. Asahi Shimbun , April 18, 1996; see also Morihiro Hosokawa, “ A De Facto Treaty Revision,” Japan Times International, June 1–15, 1999.

40. “Interview with Governor Ota: Japanese Democracy on Trial,” Japan Echo , Autumn 1996, p. 43 (from Sekai, July 1996).

41. Joseph S. Nye Jr., “The Case for Deep Engagement,” Foreign Affairs 74.4 (July–August 1995), pp. 90–102.

42. Washington Post , December 8, 1995.

43. Department of Defense, United States Security Strategy for the East Asia—Pacific Region (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, February 1995), pp. 23–24.

44. Reuters, Tokyo, March 24, 1997.

45. Reuters, Washington, July 9, 1998.

46. Japan Times , July 25, 1998.

47. Defense Monitor 19.6 (1990), p. 3.

48. Camp Foster USO, Exploring Okinawa Travel Guide , 4th ed. (Naha: Barclay Publishing, 1996), pp. 62, 64, 68.

3: Stealth Imperialism

1. Rudolph J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1994).

2. Michael P. Scharf, “Results of the Rome Conference for an International Criminal Court,” American Society of International Law Insight , August 1998, on-line at http://www.asil.org/insigh23.htm.

3. New York Times , October 11, 1997, and December 3, 1997.

4. See the report in the mainstream Korean newspaper Chosun Ilbo , November 12, 1997.

5. “Australia a Key Player in Global Landmine Removal,” Australia Report , June 1998, p. 1.

6. New York Times , December 3, 1997, and October 11, 1997.

7. Washington Post , July 12, 1998.

8. See Dana Priest, “Free of Oversight, U.S. Military Trains Foreign Troops,” Washington Post , July 12, 1998; Douglas Farah, “A Tutor to Every Army in Latin America,” Washington Post , July 13, 1998; Dana Priest, “Special Forces Training Review Sought,” Washington Post , July 15, 1998; Mary McGrory, “In Joint Training, a Singular Failure,” Washington Post , July 26, 1998; and Lee Siew Hua, “U.S. to Review Training of Foreign Troops,” Singapore Straits Times , August 13, 1998.

9. Washington Post , July 12, 1998.

10. New York Times , July 20, 1998.

11. Nation, June 15–22, 1998. See also Tim Weiner, “A Tale of Torture from an Indonesian Dissident,” New York Times , May 8, 1998.

12. New York Times , November 4, 1998.

13. New York Times , August 1, 1998. See also David E. Sanger, “U.S. Backs Indonesian Loans but Cancels Military Exercise,” New York Times , May 9, 1998.

14. “Indonesian Special Ops Force Praised for Protecting National Security,” Special Warfare 10.2, Spring 1997. (This journal was formerly available online from http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/lic/sfindex2.htm, but the army seems to have pulled it from the Internet.)

15. For details, see Allan Nairn’s reports in the Nation , March 30, April 6, June 8, and June 15, 1998. On March 18, 1998, the Indonesian military expelled Nairn from the country, but he continued to file his articles from Singapore.

16. Business Week , Asia ed., August 3, 1998. See also David Lamb, “6 Students in Jakarta Protest Killed by Police,” Los Angeles Times , May 13, 1998.

17. New Republic , July 13, 1998.

18. George Hicks, “Indonesian Mayhem and American Imperialism,” unpublished manuscript dated July 26, 1998, supplied by Hicks to the author.