Chalmers Johnson - Nemesis - The Last Days of the American Republic

85. Winslow T. Wheeler, “A Tutorial on How to Find the Real Numbers: Just How Big Is the Defense Budget?” Counterpunch, January 19, 2006.

86. Robert Higgs, “The Defense Budget Is Bigger than You Think,” The Independent Institute, January 18, 2004, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1253.80; Doug Dowd, “U.S. Military Expenditures”; Walter Adams and James W. Brock, The Bigness Complex: Industry, Labor, and Government in the American Economy, 2nd ed. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).

87. Ann Scott Tyson, “Defense Spending Is Overstated, GAO Report Says,” Washington Post, September 22, 2005.

88. Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz, “The Economic Costs of the Iraq War: An Appraisal Three Years After the Beginning of the Conflict,” National Bureau of Economic Research (Working Paper 12054, February 2006), http://www.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/download/2006_Cost_of_War_in_Iraq_NBER.pdf.

Acknowledgments

Sheila K. Johnson, who has her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley, spent endless hours in conversation with me about this book, and she carefully edited my first draft. As my wife of forty-nine years, she obviously knows where I’m coming from.

Tom Engelhardt is the founder and editor of TomDispatch.com, ‘a regular antidote to the mainstream media’ and a project of the Nation Institute. He is also the editor of all three books of the Blowback Trilogy— Blowback, The Sorrows of Empire, and Nemesis —for Metropolitan Books. I am indebted to him for his intelligence, integrity, and support for the American Empire Project, which he helped create.

Sandra Dijkstra, my literary agent, and her assistant Taryn Fagerness have worked miracles in having my books published in over a dozen languages around the world.

The poet John Shreffler, of Brookline, Massachusetts, dedicated to me his conception of the arrival of Nemesis in the United States.

Several close friends have helped me with comments, articles, suggestions, and conversations about this book. They are Dr. Kozy Amemiya, one of our country’s pioneer researchers on Okinawa, and her husband, Thomas Royden, avocado and palm grower; Dr. Barry Keehn of Los Angeles, an equally talented psychologist and political scientist; Drs. Maricler and Alfredo Antognini, exiles from the ‘dirty war’ in Argentina and major contributors to the world of painting; Dr. Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, lieutenant colonel U.S. Army (ret.) and a longtime colleague; Professor Yoshihiko Nakamoto of Shizuoka University, Japan. My geriatric cat, Mof, a Russian blue, helps keep me cheerful.

Index

Entries in italics refer to tables

ABC News , 250

Abramoff, Jack, 262–63

Abu Ghraib, 8–9, 22–24, 33–35, 37, 40–46, 124, 181, 246, 259, 260, 269

Ackerman, Spencer, 101–2

acquisitions and cross-servicing agreements (ACSAs), 145

Actium, battle of (31 BC), 68

Adak, Alaska, 223

Adams, Gordon, 264

Adams, John, 59

Adams, John Quincy, 59

ADCS Inc., 260

Addington, David S., 251

Aeneid (Virgil), 57

Aero Contractors Ltd., 128

Aeroplane Spotter (newspaper), 126

Afghanistan, 5, 7–9, 19, 21, 23–25, 29–32, 35–38, 41, 45, 71, 76, 94, 100, 104, 110–20, 123–24, 128, 140, 143, 151–52, 191, 276–78

Afghanistan People’s Democratic Party, 111

African Americans, 7

Against All Enemies (Clarke), 99

Agiza, Ahmed, 129, 130

Agriculture Department, 263

Agrippina, 70

AinAouda (torture center), 124

Air America (CIA airline), 126, 128

airborne laser (ABL), 225–26

Air Force, U.S., 17, 24, 147–48, 153, 178–79, 209, 215–16, 218–20, 225, 230–32, 234–36, 239–40, 242

Air Force Academy, 3

Air Force Association, 215

Air Force Space Command, 208, 215, 232, 236, 239

Air Intelligence Agency, 156

Air Mobility Command, 6

airplane spotters, 125–28

Airpower Journal , 27, 215

Akayev, Askar, 152

Akihito, emperor of Japan, 201

Al-Asad Air Base (Iraq), 162–63

Albania, 94, 122, 132

Albanian National Intelligence Service, 132

Albright, Madeleine, 25–27

al-Dhafra Air Base (United Arab Emirates), 159

Alexander the Great, 52, 64

Algeria, 85, 148

Alito, Samuel, 248

al-Jafr prison (Jordan), 124

Al Jazeera, 3

Allawi, lyad, 95

Allende, Salvador, 2–3, 105–9

Alliance for Progress, 106

all-volunteer army, 7, 269

al-Qaeda, 4, 36–37, 41, 98, 110, 118–19, 122–24, 143

al-Rashid Military Camp (Iraq), 161

al Sahra airfield (Iraq), 162–63

al Taqaddum military base (Iraq), 162

Al-Udeid Air Base (Qatar), 124, 159

Alwani, Hatim al-, 29

American Aviation Historical Society, 126

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 42–44

American Council for Cultural Policy, 50

American embassies, 104, 107, 133, 168, 183, 188–90, 194

bombings of 1998, 118–19, 122–23

American empire, 1–11

British Empire and, 56, 71–76, 80, 84–85

democracy undercut by, 56, 60, 88–89, 278–79

economy and, 81, 83–85, 270

Iraq and, 157–63

military bases and, 6–7, 138–39, 141, 156–58, 177–207, 278

neoconservatives and, 73–75, 142–43

space weaponry and, 211

American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 148–49, 229

American Historical Association, 248

American Indians, 75, 77, 263

American Prospect , 261

American Service-Members’ Protection Act (2002), 145

America Right or Wrong (Lieven), 270

Amritsar, massacre at (1919), 79

Anderson, Frank, 113

Andersson, Arne, 128, 130

Angola, 94

anti-Americanism, 177, 179–80, 194

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 220, 228, 241

antiballistic missile (ABM) defense system, 209–10, 212–14, 220–32

antinuclear movement, 208–9

antisatellite (ASAT) weapons, 209, 214, 216–19, 236, 239–41

anti-Vietnam War movement, 92, 254

Antony, Mark, 67, 68

Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 56

Anwar, Masood, 125–26

Arai, Shogo, 196

Arar, Maher, 128, 268

Arbatov, Aleksei, 228

archaeological sites, 46–47, 51–53

“arc of instability,” 147, 158

Arendt, Hannah, 17, 21–22, 24, 75, 78, 88

Argentina, 3, 108–9, 121, 164, 166–67, 169, 236, 269

Arjomand, Said, 51

Arkin, William M., 141, 143

Armey, Dick, 212

Armitage, Richard, 167

Armor Holdings, 262

Army, U.S., 17, 22, 43–45, 47, 153, 163, 179

Army Air Corps, 126

Army Corps of Engineers, 154, 159

Army First Armored Division, 141

Army First Infantry Division, 141

Army Medical Corps, 45

Army Rangers, 40

Army Times, 33

Aruba, 148, 165

Asahi Evening News , 176

Asahi Shimbun , 188, 191, 197

ASEAN Regional Forum (2003), 189–90

Ash, Timothy Carton, 34

Ashcroft, John, 35, 247

Assassination of Julius Caesar, The (Parenti), 56–57

assassinations, 94, 102, 107–9, 250

Assyria, 47–48, 78

“asymmetric warfare,” 2

Atlantic Monthly , 29–30

Atomic Energy Commission, 92

Auerback, Marshall, 271

Augustus Caesar (Octavian), emperor of Rome, 68–69, 266

Austen, Jane, 75

Australia, 148, 157

autonomous proximity operations, 240

Aviano Air Base (Italy), 133, 145

Avrakotos, Gust, 113–16

Aztecs, 76

Babylonia, ancient, 46–47, 52, 78

Baccus, Rick, 42

Bacevich, Andrew, 20

Baer, Robert, 124