Frederic Farrar - The Expositor's Bible - The Book of Daniel

This is supported by the remark that this three-months viceroy "appointed governors in Babylon"!

Herod., iii. 89; Records of the Past , viii. 88.

See, too, Meinhold ( Beiträge , p. 46), who concludes his survey with the words, "Sprachliche wie sachliche Gründe machen es nicht nur wahrscheinlich sondern gewiss dass an danielsche Autorschaft von Dan. ii. – vi., überhanpt an die Entstehung zur Zeit der jüdischen Verbannung nicht zu denken ist." He adds that almost all scholars believe the chapters to be no older than the age of the Maccabees, and that even Kahnis ( Dogmatik , i. 376) and Delitzsch (Herzog, s. v. "Dan.") give up their genuineness. He himself believes that these Aramaic chapters were incorporated by a later writer, who wrote the introduction.

Sayce. l. c. , p. 529.

Kamphausen, p. 45.

Sayce, l. c. The author of the Book of Daniel seems only to have known of three kings of Persia after Cyrus (xi. 2). But five are mentioned in the Old Testament – Cyrus, Darius, Artaxerxes, Xerxes, and Darius III. (Codomannus, Neh. xii. 22). There were three Dariuses and three Artaxerxes, but he only knows one of each name (Kamphausen, p. 32). He might easily have overlooked the fact that the Darius of Neh. xii. 22 was a wholly different person from the Darius of Ezra vi. 1.

Literally, as in margin, " most high things " or " places ."

In iv. 5, 6; and elohîn means "gods" in the mouth of a heathen ("spirit of the holy gods").

Elohîn occurs repeatedly in chap. ix., and in x. 12, xi. 32, 37.

It only occurs in Dan. ix.

The description of God as "the Ancient of Days" with garments white as snow, and of His throne of flames on burning wheels, is found again in the Book of Enoch, written about b. c. 141 (Enoch xiv.).

See Dan. xii. 2. Comp. Jos., B. J. , II. viii. 14; Enoch xxii. 13, lx. 1-5, etc.

Comp. Smend, Alttest. Relig. Gesch. , p. 530. For references to angels in Old Testament see Job i. 6, xxxviii. 7; Jer. xxiii. 18; Psalm lxxxix. 7; Josh. v. 13-15; Zech. i. 12, iii. 1. See further Behrmann, Dan. , p. xxiii.

Dan. iv. 14, ix. 21, x. 13, 20.

See Enoch lxxi. 17, lxviii. 10, and the six archangels Uriel, Raphael, Reguel, Michael, Saragael, and Gabriel in Enoch xx. – xxxvi. See Rosh Hashanah , f. 56, 1; Bereshîth Rabba , c. 48; Hamburger, i. 305-312.

Berachôth , f. 31; Dan. vi. 11. Comp. Psalm lv. 18; 1 Kings viii. 38-48.

1 Macc. i. 62; Dan. i. 8; 2 Macc. v. 27, vi. 18-vii. 42.

Introd., p. 477. Comp. 2 Esdras xiii. 41-45, and passim ; Enoch xl., xlv., xlvi., xlix., and passim ; Hamburger, Real-Encycl. , ii. 267 ff. With "the time of the end" and the numerical calculations comp. 2 Esdras vi. 6, 7.

Roszmann, Die Makkabäische Erhebung , p. 45. See Wellhausen, Die Pharis. u. d. Sadd. , 77 ff.

Among these critics are Delitzsch, Riehm, Ewald, Bunsen, Hilgenfeld, Cornill, Lücke, Strack, Schürer, Kuenen, Meinhold, Orelli, Joël, Reuss, König, Kamphausen, Cheyne, Driver, Briggs, Bevan, Behrmann, etc.

Renan, History of Israel , iv. 354. He adds, "L'essence du genre c'est le pseudonyme, ou si l'on veut l'apocryphisme" (p. 356).

Lagarde, Gott. Gel. Anzieg. , 1891, pp. 497-520, stands almost, if not quite, alone in arguing that Dan. vii. was not written till a. d. 69, and that the "little horn" is meant for Vespasian. The relation of the fourth empire of Dan. vii. to the iron part of the image in Dan. ii. refutes this view: both can only refer to the Greek Empire. Josephus ( Antt. , X. xi. 7) does not refer to Dan. vii.; but neither does he to ix. – xii., for reasons already mentioned. See Cornill, Einleit. , p. 262.

Stanley, Life of Arnold , p. 505.

Schürer, Hist. of the Jew. People , iii. 24 (E. Tr.).

On the close resemblance between Daniel and other apocryphal books see Behrmann, Dan. , pp. 37-39; Dillmann, Das Buch Henoch . For its relation to the Book of Baruch see Schrader, Keilinschriften , 435 f. Philo does not allude to Daniel.

Any apparently requisite modification of these words will be considered hereafter.

On Revelations , vol. i., p. 408 (E. Tr.).

"Dient bei ihnen die Zukunft der Gegenwart, und ist selbst fortgesetzte Gegenwart " (Behrmann, Dan. , p. xi).

See M. de Pressensé, Hist. des Trois Prem. Siècles , p. 283.

See some admirable remarks on this subject in Ewald, Die Proph. d. Alt. Bund. , i. 23, 24; Winer, Realwörterb. , s. v. "Propheten" Stähelin, Einleit. , § 197.

Comp. Enoch i. 2.

Ewald, Die Proph. , i. 27; Michel Nicolas, Études sur la Bible , pp. 336 ff.

Comp. Mic. iii. 12; Jer. xxvi. 1-19; Ezek. i. 21. Comp. xxix. 18, 19.

Deut. xviii. 10.

System der christlichen Lehre , p. 66.

E.g. , in the case of Josiah (1 Kings xiii. 2).

De Coronâ , 73: ἰδεῖν τὰ πράγματα ἀρχόμενα καὶ προαισθέσθαι καὶ προειπεῖν τοῖς ἄλλοις.

The symbolism of numbers is carefully and learnedly worked out in Bähr's Symbolik : cf. Auberlen, p. 133. The several fulfilments of the prophesied seventy years' captivity illustrate this.

Hengstenberg, On Revelations , p. 609.

All these particulars may be found, without any allusion to the Book of Daniel, in the admirable article on the Apocrypha by Dean Plumptre in Dr. Smith's Dict. of the Bible .

Ewald, Gesch. Isr. , iv. 541.

"Et non tam Danielem ventura dixisse quam illum narrasse præterita " (Jer.).

"Ad intelligendas autem extremas Danielis partes multiplex Græcorum historia necessaria est" (Jer., Proæm. Explan. in Dan. Proph. ad f. ). Among these Greek historians he mentions eight whom Porphyry had consulted, and adds, "Et si quando cogimur litterarum sæcularium recordari … non nostræ est voluntatis, sed ut dicam, gravissimæ necessitatis ." We know Porphyry's arguments mainly through the commentary of Jerome, who, indeed, derived from Porphyry the historic data without which the eleventh chapter, among others, would have been wholly unintelligible.