James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 09 of 12)

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J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886), pp. 266 sq. , 305, 357 sq. ; compare id. , pp. 141, 340.

Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1904), p. 474.

J. Pearse, “Customs connected with Death and Burial among the Sihanaka,” The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine , vol. ii., Reprint of the Second four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), pp. 146 sq.

Ivan Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska , p. 158.

H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda (Berlin, 1894), p. 322.

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme (Berlin, 1906), p. 800.

Pausanias, vii. 23. 3.

P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), p. 29.

This I learned from my friend W. Robertson Smith, who mentioned as his authority David of Antioch, Tazyin , in the story “Orwa.”

R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallele und Vergleiche (Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 29 sq.

“Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan à son évêque sur les mœurs et coutumes des Indiens soumis à ses soins,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Deuxième Série, ii. (1834) p. 182.

Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 309 sq.

C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië , 1846, dl. iii. pp. 149 sq. ; F. Grabowsky, “Die Theogonie der Dajaken auf Borneo,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie , v. (1892) p. 131.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 59.

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 164 sq.

Rev. J. Roscoe, “The Bahima, a Cow Tribe of Enkole,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , xxxvii. (1907) p. 103.

Rev. J. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxxiii. (1902) p. 313.

Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 343 sq.

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir (London, 1904), p. 146.

Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey , iii., Draft Articles on Forest Tribes (Allahabad, 1907), p. 63.

M. v. Beguelin, “Religiöse Volksbräuche der Mongolen,” Globus , lvii. (1890) pp. 209 sq.

J. G. F. Riedel, “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” Deutsche geographische Blätter , x. 231.

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886), p. 340.

R. H. Codrington, D.D., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), p. 186.

G. F. de Oviedo, Histoire du Nicaragua (Paris, 1840), pp. 42 sq. (Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, Relations et Mémoires originaux, pour servir à l'Histoire de la Découverte de l'Amérique ).

P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), pp. 37, 130. As to the custom compare J. J. von Tschudi, Peru (St. Gallen, 1846), ii. 77 sq. ; H. A. Weddell, Voyage dans le Nord de la Bolivia et dans les parties voisines du Pérou (Paris and London, 1853), pp. 74 sq. These latter writers interpret the stones as offerings.

Baron E. Nordenskiöld, “Travels on the Boundaries of Bolivia and Argentina,” The Geographical Journal , xxi. (1903) p. 518.

C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), ii. 282.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale (Paris, 1857-1859), ii. 564; compare iii. 486. Indians of Guatemala, when they cross a pass for the first time, still commonly add a stone to the cairn which marks the spot. See C. Sapper, “Die Gebräuche und religiösen Anschauungen der Kekchi-Indianer,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie , viii. (1895) p. 197.

F. F. R. Boileau, “The Nyasa-Tanganyika Plateau,” The Geographical Journal , xiii. (1899) p. 589. In the same region Mr. L. Decle observed many trees or rocks on which were placed little heaps of stones or bits of wood, to which in passing each of his men added a fresh stone or bit of wood or a tuft of grass. “This,” says Mr. L. Decle, “is a tribute to the spirits, the general precaution to ensure a safe return” ( Three Years in Savage Africa , London, 1898, p. 289). A similar practice prevails among the Wanyamwezi ( ibid. p. 345). Compare J. A. Grant, A Walk across Africa (Edinburgh and London, 1864), pp. 133 sq.

Cowper Rose, Four Years in Southern Africa (London, 1829), p. 147.

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir (London, 1904), p. 264.

S. Kay, Travels and Researches in Caffraria (London, 1833), pp. 211 sq. ; Rev. H. Callaway, Religious System of the Amazulu , i. 66; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 146 sq. Compare H. Lichtenstein, Reisen im südlichen Africa (Berlin, 1811-1812), i. 411.

W. Gowland, “Dolmens and other Antiquities of Corea,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxiv. (1895) pp. 328 sq. ; Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 147, ii. 223. Both writers speak as if the practice were to spit on the cairn rather than on the particular stone which the traveller adds to it; indeed, Mrs. Bishop omits to notice the custom of adding to the cairns. Mr. Gowland says that almost every traveller carries up at least one stone from the valley and lays it on the pile.