Bensalem Himmich - The Theocrat

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The Theocrat takes as its subject one of Arab and Islamic history's most perplexing figures, al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah ("the ruler by order of God"), the Fatimid caliph who ruled Egypt during the tenth century and whose career was a direct reflection of both the tensions within the Islamic dominions as a whole and of the conflicts within his own mind. In this remarkable novel Bensalem Himmich explores these tensions and conflicts and their disastrous consequences on an individual ruler and on his people. Himmich does not spare his readers the full horror and tragedy of al-Hakim's reign, but in employing a variety of textual styles — including quotations from some of the best known medieval Arab historians; vivid historical narratives; a series of extraordinary decrees issued by the caliph; and, most remarkably, the inspirational utterances of al-Hakim during his ecstatic visions, recorded by his devotees and subsequently a basis for the foundation of the Druze community — he succeeds brilliantly in painting a portrait of a character whose sheer unpredictability throws into relief the qualities of those who find themselves forced to cajole, confront, or oppose him.

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The slave named Mas‘ud was surprised by our patrol outside the city. He was running away from his master and was as naked as the day he was born. I gave our guards orders to surround him and use whatever weapons were needed to make him give up or leave him dead. How terrifying this ill-starred wretch looked in the open space, using all possible means to avoid being hit — leaping, crawling, and hiding behind rocky outcrops and trees. At one point he hid himself to take a breather and huddled up close to the ground, obviously planning a getaway. Just then our men managed to surprise him; they pounced on him from all sides like thunderbolts, at which point it was all over. He found himself attacked and beaten everywhere and clubbed almost to death. When the slave showed no further signs of movement, our men approached him. What they saw astonished them, so much so that some of them almost fainted at the sight. The slave was awash in his own blood, like a slaughtered bull breathing his last. There he was, extracting the arrows that had hit him and still hurling curses and threats at them, spitting in the face of anyone who dared touch him. The major thing they discovered and which totally annulled any astonishment they had previously felt was the sheer size and shape of the man’s penis; the soldiers were unanimous that they had never seen or heard of its like anywhere. They were so amazed that they even had a competition to see what was the best description for it; for — that purpose they resorted to comparisons with species of wild animals, and then to confining his particulars to the colossal size of his penis. Hardly had they finished with their unique discovery than their commander ordered them to carry the slave to the closest warehouse so that they could check his file, find out his identity, then return him to his owner.

Mas‘ud was tossed into a large warehouse used for sick riding animals and people down on their luck. To get him there they used all kinds of violence, restraint, and intimidation. He had not been there for very long before his fame had spread throughout old and new Cairo and into every quarter. News of his penis made its ways through all the popular clubs till it reached as far as the soirees of the Fatimids; echoes even came to the ears of al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah.

Those who brought the story to the Fatimid caliph suggested that the slave be either killed or castrated so as to put an end to all these tales. The more sympathetic counselors advised the caliph to leave him in the warehouse or in a charitable hostel until he died. Al-Hakim took all these opinions and suggestions under advisement, but then rejected them out of hand. Instead he decided — a decision he reached at dead of night — to make Mas‘ud a member of his retinue and to assign him a particular function. When the true nature of his function was revealed to al-Hakim’s most adept devotees and philosophers, they outdid each other in welcoming the idea and in extolling the mind of the ruler who had come up with the idea and “created it from nothing.”

Not long after the idea of this special function came into being, its inventor, al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah, moved to implement it in detail. He ordered Mas‘ud’s immediate transfer from the warehouse to the palace clinic where he was consigned to the very best doctors and gentlest of nurses. They gave him all necessary first aid and then went on to provide all necessary treatment. He also gave Mas‘ud’s former owner, Sulayman al-Za’farani, double payment as well as some decorations of honor.

So Mas‘ud spent several days in the clinic receiving various kinds of intensive care and special treatment from the nurses who, following special instructions from on high, rivaled each other in giving Mas‘ud massages and in teasing and arousing him. Once he was on the road to recovery, he proceeded to eat everything he was offered, and then asked for more. Everyone was amazed, and the clinic accountant was appalled. No sooner had he got out of bed and started walking and using his limbs again than al-Hakim’s devotees instructed the town criers to announce in the all public markets of Cairo that al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah had given Mas‘ud this special function. So they went their way and made the following announcement as they did their rounds:

Servants of God, our Lord and yours hereby warns you all that there is no place in his lands for commodity speculators or merchants who cheat customers. Anyone who cheats in markets and food shops will discover that our Lord has authorized Mas‘ud the slave to commit sodomy on him. You crooks, our Lord is riding his blond donkey among you, ever watchful. His dire punishment is yet closer to your asses than the unlawful food in your bellies. So beware! Whoever issues a warning is thereby excused!

This dire warning fell on the merchants of old and new Cairo like a thunderbolt. The general populace and people in need on the other hand greeted the news with unrestrained joy. Those who had grudges kept an eagle eye out for speculators and cheats and exposed the major violators who refused to mend their ways. The majority of merchants decided to resort to more covert types of swindling and fraud.

In the early months of the implementation of al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah’s decision, the slave Mas‘ud — now converted into the agent of sodomite punishment — saw continuous activity in dealing with speculators and crooked merchants. He managed to cope with the exhaustion that he felt at the end of each day by taking into account his own important status and the way he could now terrify people who just the day before had been able to frighten and despise him. He was also delighted at the special food he was given with the intention of renewing his energy and arousing his sexual appetite, things like almonds, harisa, and meat and fat from the Nile salamander.

During these early months of Mas‘ud’s new career, he looked happy and content, always smiling. He realized that al-Hakim bi-Amr Illah held him in high esteem and that, thanks to his own ramrod-straight scales of justice, he himself was playing a major role in correcting merchant behavior. AH this gave him the clear impression that the heavens had given him a truly unique opportunity to take revenge on society as a whole, which had subjected him to all manner of contempt and suffering. He would walk around the city and through the markets of the kasba wrapped in an aura of supercilious arrogance, belching at anyone he wished, cuffing anyone he did not like on the neck, and squeezing the nose of people who made gestures at his expense under his armpit. How was he supposed to behave otherwise when he could see for himself how many merchants he had managed to injure or kill and how many had committed suicide, all because of his surprise forays into the markets accompanied by al-Hakim’s demons and sergeants, or by al-Hakim in person riding his blond donkey!

Mas‘ud’s daily excursions into the kasba markets took in every market where foodstuffs were on sale. One of the earliest consequences of his forays was that the bar in Khan al-Ruwasin which served wine to people with problems vanished, as did all the blondes from the grain market, prostitutes who used to stand on the pavement wearing men’s clothing in red, chewing gum, and making eyes at the people who came to market. These two markets, just like those in the Burjuwan quarter and on Bayn al-Qasrayn Street, were full of merchants of every kind: butchers, bakers, fruit vendors, vegetable sellers, milk and cheese merchants, sellers of frozen products, cooks, grilled meat sellers, perfumers, and others.

The only exception to this pattern was the chicken market where chicken and rice were the basic products on sale along with various types of dove, blackbird, nightingale, and other songbirds. In all these markets Mas‘ud had no trouble in training merchants who owned shops how to behave and putting a stop to their policies of overpricing and infringements of proper trading practice. Barely three months went by before market inspectors were able to report a new trend among shop owners toward upright conduct, although they did whisper that there was a noticeable decrease in the number of merchants still in business and entering the trade.

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