Michael Morangelli: Jazz: A Short History

1 Introduction

2 Africa and Europe: Cross Culturalization

3 Time, Place, and Opportunity

4 New Orleans

5 The Birth of Jazz

6 The Jazz Age

7 The Passage To Swing

8 Ritz Crackers

9 The Old and the New

10 Bop Till You Drop

11 A Fork in the Road

12 Yin and Yang and all that Jazz

13 Searching

14 Which Way Now?

15 The Age of Aquarius

16 The Times they are a Changin’

17 Up, Up, and Away

18 Let Freedom Ring: Introduction

19 Let Freedom Ring: John Coltrane

20 Let Freedom Ring: Charles Mingus

21 Let Freedom Ring: Ornette Coleman and a New Way-Part 1

22 Let Freedom Ring: Ornette Coleman and a New Way-Part 2

This series of articles for JazzFriends will hopefully offer a perspective on Jazz in a historical and cultural context - and I hope spark some discussion pro and con related to the themes covered in each. I will try to provide my research sources and some recordings to support the views expressed.

As this in an introduction to what I hope will be a complete series [over time], I thought I would outline the future content and also attempt to articulate the context in which I view the development of Jazz and the forces which shaped this music.

The outline is 7 broad categories: • The earliest African/European cross culturalization • The roots of Jazz before the turn of the Century • The New Orleans/Chicago/Big Band Period to Mid-1950’s • The development of Bop and the resulting emphasis on Jazz as Concert Music [rather than a Functional Music] • The immediate Post-Bop era to mid-1960 • The Modal/Fusion development to late-1970 • The stylistic fractionalization from l980 to the present The context is a little longer. So first, I wish to state, that I am self taught in this. I have no formal training in Jazz History - I am a Guitarist. That training was through private lessons and the musicians I worked with [all of whom worked or were taught by others who lived through the period from the late 20’s on]. Second, I have no prejudices about what is Jazz [and I’m not going to define what is or is not Jazz] - if it is honest and comes from a “Jazz” esthetic I will accept it, though I might not like it. And finally, I consider the Arts of a particular culture or era an access point into that culture or time period - provided you are willing to learn the esthetic language of the particular Art form [Music is often described as the Universal Language and I would disagree].

I view the history of Jazz as a cultural history of the United States- the good and the bad. It’s roots developed from the mingling of cultures, the circumstances of which were, euphemistically, not the best.

That such a beautiful and enduring art form could spring from such circumstances is an amazement to me and a tribute to the strength and endurance of the human spirit. That it has become, in reality, an underground music in our present era is a constant grief.

When I decided to write this series I originally was going to jump right in and start on the subject immediately - I decided not to. Instead, this introduction became an important prelude for me. I teach Jazz Ensembles at small music center in Boston. I constantly, in that role, deal with highly motivated people who want to learn, want to play, and, for the most part, force time out of very busy schedules to participate. I thought it would be all theory and more theory. It was not. I found myself dealing with two major issues - Repertoire and Performance Practice. Neither of these are solely theory specific and so learning “Jazz Theory”,which essentially is the bebop tradition, will not generate an adequate vocabulary for performance. What was lacking, was an understanding of the different stylistic periods, the repertoire associated with those periods, and how to realize the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic conventions within these styles - to my mind, a lack of historical perspective about the musical styles within the genre we call Jazz.

There is another consequence - a realization that Jazz is not a static language, but is constantly evolving.

The Music responds to the cultural environment which surrounds it - and our culture is certainly not static.

Recently, in response to ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ about styles, I recorded some tapes for class use.

I recorded them chronologically from the early 1900’s to mid 1990’s. I had done this type of listening regularly when I was in college but that was 20 years ago. It turned out to be an education for me. I was comfortable with everything up to the early 1980’s - then I had to struggle with what was new. The music had evolved and I had to catch up! Yet, I was able to find familiarity in much of what I listened to. But, I had to listen and draw upon my knowledge of what came before.

This whole episode put into perspective a simple statement from my college days - new is often a logical outgrowth or a reaction against previous practice - listening in this fashion illuminated this statement. By the way, this was advice from a professor in a History of Western Music Class. I had admitted no knowledge of the Classical repertoire or history. His advice preceding this statement was listen chronologically, choose what you like, identify what you don’t, study both to understand why. I hope I never forget this and always apply it to my musical pursuits.

Again, I hope this Introduction will provide an orientation for the subsequent articles and spark some interaction with the themes of each.

One of the things I find fascinating about Jazz is how two musical cultures found a common ground for interaction and I thought I would relate some of the things I discovered in searching for these common areas. It might be helpful to look at some generalizations about music and society and then cover the similarities which are found between African and European attitudes and practices regarding music.

First, Music in any culture is integrated with the activities of the society at large - it is defined and placed into the fabric of daily life and this results in the way music is ordered in society and how people think about what music is and should be. This integration varies by culture - but it is not the differences but the commonalities which enable cross culturalization. It is these common areas that can be the most difficult to identify - I think the new and unusual can often overwhelm the similarities between different cultures. Just dealing with how music functions in a society breaks down into numerous parts and not all Genres and Styles function the same within each society and not all functions are specifically musical or artistic.

Music can function as: Aesthetic enjoyment, Entertainment, Communication, Symbolic representation, Physical response, Enforcing conformity and Social norms,Validate social institutions and religious rituals, Contribute to continuity amp; stability,Contribute to the integration of society, and Emotional expression.

You should know this is not my own list - I found it in “The Anthropology of Music” by Alan P.

Merriam [Northwestern University Press, 1964]. It started me thinking about music beyond the Notes and Chord Changes. What I did was take a style of music I was familiar with and try to identify the functions it might or might not have in our culture. It was surprising to see how music works in our culture - and more so, that even in our corporate mass entertainment media these functions still have validity. Ours is a complex society and the components of this culture are complex. All of the music I worked with had more than one function ascribed to it. - it could be Physical response as dance music, Emotional expression as words describing lost love, Aesthetic enjoyment as OK I did like the Notes and Chord Changes, Entertainment as it was fun and enjoyable to listen to.