Jean Toomer - Cane

86. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 94.

87. Alain L. Locke: The Biography of a Philosopher , 175.

88. Ibid., 175.

89. The Wayward and the Seeking , 114.

90. Ibid., 114.

91. The Wayward and the Seeking , 114.

92. Ibid., 114–15.

93. Ibid., 116.

94. Ibid., 116.

95. Ibid., 89.

96. Ibid., 23.

97. Ibid., 118.

98. Ibid., 117.

99. Ibid., 117.

100. Ibid., 117.

101. Ibid., 122.

102. Ibid., 122.

103. Ibid., 123.

104. Ibid., 123.

105. The history of the Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute and its founder, Linton Stephens Ingraham, is derived from online sources composed of articles from the Atlanta Constitution and the Augusta Chronicle assembled by Eileen B. McAdams (2005). Ingraham died on September 20, 1935, after which his wife, Anna Turner Ingraham, became principal. The institute eventually became L. H. Ingraham High School. In addition to these sources, we recommend the overview of Sparta, Georgia, that appears in Charles Scruggs and Lee Van-Demarr’s Jean Toomer and the Terror of American History (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 8–32. We also recommend Barbara Foley’s “Jean Toomer’s Sparta” in American Literature 67.4 (December 1995).

106. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 81.

107. Jean Toomer, Natalie Mann , in The Wayward and the Seeking , 290.

108. Ibid., 57.

109. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 84.

110. Ibid., 84.

111. The Wayward and the Seeking , 123.

112. Jean Toomer, Cane, A Norton Critical Edition , ed. Darwin T. Turner (New York: Norton, 1988), 14.

113. Ibid., 14.

114. The Wayward and the Seeking , 123.

115. Ibid., 124.

116. Ibid., 124.

117. The Wayward and the Seeking , 125.

118. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 88.

119. Ibid., 88.

120. Ibid., 92.

121. Alain L. Locke: The Biography of a Philosopher , 173.

122. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 89.

123. Ibid., 89.

124. Ibid., 91.

125. Jean Toomer to Waldo Frank, December 12, 1922.

126. Jean Toomer to Waldo Frank, December 12, 1922, Norton Critical Edition of Cane (1988), 152.

127. The Wayward and the Seeking , 126.

128. Ibid., 126.

129. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 105.

130. The Wayward and the Seeking , 124.

131. Robert Littell, “Cane,” New Republic 37 (December 26, 1923): 126.

132. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 108.

133. Ibid., 108–09.

134. William Stanley Braithwaite, “The Negro in American Literature,” The New Negro , ed. Alain Locke. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1925; 1992), 44.

135. Arnold Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes Volume I: 1902–1941; I, Too, Sing America (New York: Oxford University Press), 152–53; Valerie Boyd, Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston (New York: Scribner Books, 2003), 151; The Lives of Jean Toomer , 182.

136. Arna Bontemps, “Introduction,” Cane (New York: Harper & Row, 1923; 1969).

137. Darwin T. Turner, “Introduction,” Cane (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1975); Norton Critical Edition of Cane (1988), 133.

138. The Wayward and the Seeking , 127.

139. Ibid., 124.

140. Waldo Frank, “Foreword,” Cane (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923) as reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition of Cane (1988), 138 and 140.

141. Ibid., 138–39.

142. The Wayward and the Seeking , 125.

143. Ibid., 125–26.

144. Ibid., 126.

145. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 112.

146. Jean Toomer to Horace Liveright, September 23, 1923, Norton Critical Edition of Cane (1988), 156–57.

147. Ibid., 156–57.

148. The Wayward and the Seeking , 132.

149. Ibid., 132.

150. Ibid., 131.

151. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 115.

152. Ibid., 112.

153. Laurie Lisle, Portrait of an Artist: A Biography of Georgia O’Keefe (New York: Seaview Books, 1981), 260–65.

154. The Lives of Jean Toomer, 69.

155. Ibid., 199.

156. Ibid., 202.

157. Frederick L. Rusch, A Jean Toomer Reader: Selected and Unpublished Writings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 105.

158. The Wayward and the Seeking , 84.

159. Ibid., 93.

160. Ibid., 127.

161. Ibid., 11–12.

162. Barbara Foley, “Jean Toomer’s Washington and the Politics of Class,” Modern Fiction Studies 42.2 (1996): 289.

163. Ibid., 313.

164. Kerman and Eldridge, The Lives of Jean Toomer , 89.

165. Ibid., 90.

166. “Toomer,” from Crave Radiance: New and Selected Poems 1990–2010 . Copyright © 2010 by Elizabeth Alexander. Reprinted by permission of Graywolf Press and the author.

167. The Wayward and the Seeking , 93.

168. The Lives of Jean Toomer , 115.

169. Alice Walker, “The Divided Life of Jean Toomer,” in In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1983), 65.