Neil Hanson - The Custom of the Sea

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As Tom Dudley took his turn on watch, he looked with horror on the bodies of his crew.
Their ribs and hip bones were already showing through their wasting flesh. There were angry, ulcerating sores on their elbows, knees and feet, their lips were cracked and their tongues blackened and swollen.
They had continued to live on the turtle-flesh for a week, even though some of the fat became putrid in the fierce heat. Tom cut out the worst parts and threw them overboard, but they devoured the rest, and when the flesh was finished they chewed the bones and leathery skin.
They ate the last rancid scraps of it on the evening of 17 July. Tom looked at the others. ‘If no boat comes soon, something must be done…’
On 5 July 1884 the yacht Mignonette set sail from Southampton bound for Sydney. Halfway through their voyage, Captain Tom Dudley and his crew of three men were beset by a monstrous storm off the coast of Africa.
After four days of battling towering seas and hurricane gales, their yacht was finally crushed by a ferocious forty-foot wave.
The survivors were cast adrift a thousand miles from the nearest landfall in an open thirteen-foot dinghy, without provisions, water or shelter from the scorching sun. When, after twenty-four days, they were finally rescued by a passing yacht, the Moctezuma, only three men were left and they were in an appalling condition.
The ordeal they endured and the trial that followed their eventual return to England held the whole nation — from the lowliest ship’s deckhand to Queen Victoria herself — spellbound during the following winter.
From yellowing newspaper files, personal letters and diaries, and first-person accounts of the principals, Neil Hanson has pieced together the extraordinary tale of Captain Tom Dudley, the Mignonette and her crew. Their routine voyage culminated in unimaginable hardship and horror, during which the survivors of the storm had to make some impossible decisions. This is the true story of the voyage and the subsequent court case that outlawed for ever a practice followed since men first put to the ocean in boats: the custom of the sea.

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As the Moctezuma nosed into the sheltered waters of the Roads, Lowry glanced at Simonsen. ‘You’ll not be allowed to tie up at the quay,’ he said. ‘There’s a cholera scare and any foreign ship is suspect.’

Simonsen smiled. ‘I’ve no intention of tying up there. I’ve crewmen aboard who would jump ship at the first whiff of a landfall. Let them swim for it.’

Under Lowry’s instructions, the Moctezuma dropped anchor on Falmouth Bank, a mile from the town, early on the morning of Friday, 6 September. He took his payment, said his farewells, then sailed his pilot boat to shore, passing the flotilla of watermen’s bumboats heading in the opposite direction. They were soon clustered around the hull of the ship, clamouring like costermongers as they offered water, beer, fresh meat, fruit, vegetables and passage to shore for any passengers. Grease-dealers climbed on board trying to buy the cook’s ‘slush’ from the voyage and were as quickly repelled by Captain Simonsen.

Lowry tied up at the dock and headed for a waterfront tavern, where his tale of the castaways aboard the Moctezuma earned him a few free drinks. The story was circulating through the town well before one of the local watermen, Richard Hodge, brought the three men and Captain Simonsen ashore.

Beyond the breakwater surrounding the inner harbour, Tom saw the rear of the Georgian Customs House at the centre of the quay. Next to it was a taller granite building, housing the harbour master’s office, with a top-floor balcony from which he could survey his domain.

Fishing smacks and coasters crowded the waters and half a dozen barques were tied up at the quayside. Another two lay in the repairers’ yards further round the bay. Merchants and agents jostled for space on the quayside with crewmen and dock-workers loading and unloading cargo.

The watermen operated out of Barracks Ope Quay, a narrow wharf flanked by a tall warehouse, a quarter of a mile further along the waterfront. Hodge tied up near a fishwife taking crabs from a wicker basket and binding their claws with twine. She tossed them into another basket, where they landed with a clack of shells like the roll of dice on a tavern table.

Hodge helped up Tom, Brooks and Stephens from the boat in turn. They stood staring, mouths agape, disoriented and intimidated by the colour, noise and bustle of activity around them as watermen loaded and unloaded their craft, porters touted for business and fishermen, costermongers and street hawkers shouted their wares.

Tom remained for a moment on the granite setts at the water’s edge, offering a silent prayer of thanks for his deliverance as he explored the unfamiliar sensation of solid ground beneath his feet. He stumbled as he walked along the quay, struggling to readjust after four months of adaptation to the constantly shifting deck of a ship at sea.

Drawn by Gustavus Lowry’s tavern tales, a large crowd had gathered at the end of the quay to greet the survivors from the Mignonette . Among the spectators was a local customs officer and a sergeant in the Falmouth Harbour Police, James Laverty.

Tom winced with pain as he was seized by the arms, hoisted on to an upturned barrel outside the tavern and forced to address the crowd. As he looked over the sea of faces, uncertain of his reception, he heard boos and jeers from one section of the crowd.

‘Why did you not draw lots?’ a voice shouted. ‘It is the custom of the sea.’

‘I offered to,’ Tom said. ‘My men refused. After a few more days had passed, the lad drank sea-water during the night. He was dying anyway. What, then, would have been the sense in drawing lots between still-living men with families and children depending on them, and a sick and dying orphan boy?’

Tom again scanned the circle of faces below him. There were mutterings, then nods and murmurs of assent. A moment later a voice shouted, ‘Three cheers for Captain Dudley and his men, hip-hip—’ There was a roar and hats were waved in the air to celebrate the men’s survival.

The crowd detained them a little longer, pestering them with questions about the wreck and their ordeal, but finally they were allowed to leave. A precipitous flight of granite steps ran up the narrow alleyway leading to the street. All three men were still very weak and could walk only with difficulty on level ground. It took them almost half an hour to negotiate the steps.

Simonsen stayed with them for a while but then, at Tom’s insistence, moved on ahead, making for the office of the German consul in Falmouth.

As the three men reached the street and paused for breath, they were confronted by the customs officer and Sergeant Laverty. ‘You are aware that the three of you and the captain of the Moctezuma are required to make a deposition about the wreck before the shipping master?’

Tom nodded. ‘We are, but may we first rest and eat?’

The customs officer hesitated, looking to Laverty for guidance. He said nothing at first, looking from Tom to the others with an expression of distaste.

‘We are on our way to the Sailors’ Home,’ Tom said, after waiting in vain for some reply. ‘We shall break our fast and rest for a while, but we shall appear before the shipping master not later than noon.’

‘Be sure you do,’ Laverty said, turning on his heel.

The customs officer gave a nervous glance after him, then turned back to Tom with an uncertain smile. ‘The sooner you make your depositions, the sooner you will be able to continue your journey home.’ Brooks waited until the man was out of earshot, then looked at Tom. ‘What is this statement?’

‘It is a formality, but it must be done. It is required by law after the loss of any merchant ship.’

‘And is that all the shipping master will wish to know about?’

‘He must be told about the boy too.’

‘And what will you tell him?’

Tom met his gaze. ‘The truth.’

‘But, Cap—’

Tom interrupted him: ‘What have I to fear from the truth? There is no man walks this earth whose eye I cannot meet, nor one who can say I have wronged him.’

‘There is one who no longer walks this earth.’ Brooks hurried on as he saw the fury in Tom’s expression. ‘I beg you, Captain, think again, for all our sakes.’

‘I know my mind on this matter. There is nothing to be gained by discussing it further.’

Brooks looked about to go on with the argument but then he shook his head and turned away.

The three men made their way to the Royal Cornwall Sailors’ Home, where a doctor was at once called. He examined them in turn. ‘You have been well nursed on your voyage back to England, gentlemen. You are fortunate indeed to have come through your ordeal so well. Your wounds have been slower to heal, Captain Dudley, and no doubt the humid air of the tropics and your weakened condition must share the blame for that. But I shall give you some salve to ease them and with rest, a proper diet and the good English air to aid you, I am sure they will soon be healed. The deep scars left by your salt-water boils are a different matter, however. I am afraid they will never heal. I have patients who still bear the marks of theirs twenty years after suffering them.’

They ate some breakfast in the wood-panelled dining room and rested for a while, watching the dust motes dance in the sunlight, their peace disturbed only by the slow tick of a grandfather clock, but as soon as the banks were open, Tom went to draw money so that the three of them could cable their families.

Just after nine that morning he sent a telegram to Philippa, in Surrey.

‘MIGNONETTE FOUNDERED 5 JULY, TWELVE HUNDRED MILES FROM THE CAPE. IN BOAT TWENTY-FOUR DAYS, SUFFERING FEARFUL. AM WELL NOW.’

A couple of hours later they passed between the Doric columns of the imposing façade of the Customs House to make the formal deposition for the Board of Trade, required by law after any serious damage, loss, abandonment, or casualty aboard a British-registered merchant ship.

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