Albert Beveridge - The Life of John Marshall (Volume 2 of 4)

Ib. , 125.

Ib. ; also Statutes at Large, supra , 284.

See Annals , 2d Cong., 900-63.

Journal, H.D. (1793), 56-57. Of Giles's methods in this attack on Hamilton the elder Wolcott wrote that it was "such a piece of baseness as would have disgraced the council of Pandemonium." (Wolcott to his son, March 25, 1793; Gibbs, i, 91.)

Beard: Econ. O. J. D. , chap. vi.

Professor Beard, after a careful treatment of this subject, concludes that "The charge of mere corruption must fall to the ground." ( Ib. , 195.)

"To the northward of Baltimore everybody … speculates, trades, and jobs in the stocks. The judge, the advocate, the physician and the minister of divine worship, are all, or almost all, more or less interested in the sale of land, in the purchase of goods, in that of bills of exchange, and in lending money at two or three per cent." (La Rochefoucauld, iv, 474.) The French traveler was also impressed with the display of riches in the Capital. "The profusion of luxury of Philadelphia, on great days, at the tables of the wealthy, in their equipages and the dresses of their wives and daughters, are … extreme. I have seen balls on the President's birthday where the splendor of the rooms, and the variety and richness of the dresses did not suffer, in comparison with Europe." The extravagance extended to working-men who, on Sundays, spent money with amazing lavishness. Even negro servants had balls; and negresses with wages of one dollar per week wore dresses costing sixty dollars. ( Ib. , 107-09.)

Jefferson to T. M. Randolph, March 16, 1792; Works : Ford, vi, 408.

Jefferson to Short, May 18, 1792; Works : Ford, vi, 413; and see "A Citizen" in the National Gazette , May 3, 1792, for a typical Republican indictment of Funding and Assumption.

Gallatin's Writings : Adams, i, 3.

Pennsylvania alone had five thousand distilleries. (Beard: Econ. O. J. D. , 250.) Whiskey was used as a circulating medium. (McMaster, ii, 29.) Every contemporary traveler tells of the numerous private stills in Pennsylvania and the South. Practically all farmers, especially in the back country, had their own apparatus for making whiskey or brandy. (See chap. vii, vol. i, of this work.)

Nor was this industry confined to the lowly and the frontiersmen. Washington had a large distillery. (Washington to William Augustine Washington, Feb. 27, 1798; Writings : Ford, xiii, 444.)

New England's rum, on the other hand, was supplied by big distilleries; and these could include the tax in the price charged the consumer. Thus the people of Pennsylvania and the South felt the tax personally, while New Englanders were unconscious of it. Otherwise there doubtless would have been a New England "rum rebellion," as Shays's uprising and as New England's implied threat in the Assumption fight would seem to prove. (See Beard: Econ. O. J. D. , 250-51.)

Marshall, ii, 200.

Ib. , 238.

Graydon, 372.

Sept. 25, 1794; Writings : Ford, xii, 467.

Sept. 15, 1792; Richardson, i, 124; Aug. 7, 1794; Writings : Ford, xii, 445.

Hamilton remained with the troops until the insurrection was suppressed and order fully established. (See Hamilton's letters to Washington, written from various points, during the expedition, from Oct. 25 to Nov. 19, 1794; Works : Lodge, vi, 451-60.)

Marshall, ii, 200, 235-38, 340-48; Gibbs, i, 144-55; and see Hamilton's Report to the President, Aug. 5, 1794; Works : Lodge, vi, 358-88. But see Gallatin's Writings : Adams, i, 2-12; Beard: Econ. O. J. D. , 250-60. For extended account of the Whiskey Rebellion from the point of view of the insurgents, see Findley: History of the Insurrection , etc., and Breckenridge: History of the Western Insurrection .

The claim now made by the Republicans that they were the only friends of the Constitution was a clever political turn. Also it is an amusing incident of our history. The Federalists were the creators of the Constitution; while the Republicans, generally speaking and with exceptions, had been ardent foes of its adoption. (See Beard: Econ. O. J. D. )

Graydon, 374. Jefferson's party was called Republican because of its championship of the French Republic. (Ambler, 63.)

In the Fairfax purchase. (See infra , chap. v.)

See Hamilton's orders to General Lee; Works : Lodge, vi, 445-51; and see Washington to Lee, Oct. 20, 1794; Writings : Ford, xii, 478-80.

Washington to Lee, Aug. 26, 1794; Writings : Ford, xii, 454-56.

Washington to Jay, Nov. 1, 1794; ib. , 486.

Washington to Thruston, Aug. 10, 1794; ib. , 452.

Washington to Morgan, Oct. 8, 1794; ib. , 470. The Virginia militia were under the Command of Major-General Daniel Morgan.

General Order, June 30, 1794; Cal. Va. St. Prs. , vii, 202.

Carrington to Lieutenant-Governor Wood, Sept. 1, 1794; ib. , 287.

Major-General Daniel Morgan to the Governor of Virginia, Sept. 7, 1794; ib. , 297.

Jefferson to Washington, Sept. 18, 1792; Works : Ford, vii, 153.

Jefferson to Madison, Dec. 28, 1794; ib. , viii, 157.

Ib.

Jefferson to Monroe, May 26, 1795; ib. , 177.

Jefferson to Madison, Dec. 28, 1794; ib. , 157.

Wolcott to Wolcott, Dec. 15, 1792; Gibbs, i, 85.

Marshall, ii, 256; see Washington's "Farewell Address."

John Adams claimed this as his particular idea. "Washington learned it from me … and practiced upon it." (Adams to Rush, July 7, 1805; Old Family Letters , 71.)

"I trust that we shall have too just a sense of our own interest to originate any cause, that may involve us in it [the European war]." (Washington to Humphreys, March 23, 1793; Writings : Ford, xii, 276.)

Marshall, ii, 259; and see Rules of Neutrality, ib. , note 13, p. 15. Washington's proclamation was drawn by Attorney-General Randolph. (Conway, 202.)

Marshall, ii, 259-60. "The publications in Freneau's and Bache's papers are outrages on common decency." (Washington to Lee, July 21, 1793; Writings : Ford, xii, 310.)

Marshall, ii, 256.

Graydon, 382.

Marshall, ii, 260. "A Freeman" in the General Advertiser of Philadelphia stated the most moderate opinion of those who opposed Neutrality. "France," said he, "is not only warring against the despotism of monarchy but the despotism of aristocracy and it would appear rather uncommon to see men [Washington and those who agreed with him] welcoming the Ambassador of republicanism who are warring [against] their darling aristocracy. But … shall the officers of our government prescribe rules of conduct to freemen? Fellow citizens, view this conduct [Neutrality] well and you will discover principles lurking at bottom at variance with your liberty. Who is the superior of the people? Are we already so degenerate as to acknowledge a superior in the United States?" ( General Advertiser , April 25, 1793.)