M. Brian - Collins New Naturalist Library

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Ants should provide both the amateur naturalist and the professional zoologist with a valuable source of reference, and a fascinating account of the lives of an intriguing group of insects.Ants have always exercised a fascination that extends beyond the world of biology. They have attracted the attention of poets and dramatists, and also of those philosophers and political theorists who have envied their apparent industry and rigid and complex communal organisation. The social life of ants is indeed extraordinary. It forms the basis of their entire lives; an ant on its own has no chance of survival. Ants are the only group of insects in which there are no solitary species at all.In this book Dr Brian, the country's leading authority on ants, brings together the results of recent research (much of it his own) into the zoology, ecology and social life of the group. Dr Brian begins by discussing the relationship of ants to other insects, their anatomy and physiology, and then turns to the different species of British ant (with an identification key), feeding, including aphid 'farming' and the specialised role of the workers in acting as travelling food containers for the nest itself, the rearing of the young and the different caste systems (including the life history of the queen), the ecological significance of ants, and the role they play in the lives of other animals. Particular attention is paid to the importance of communication in the ant society, and there is a complete section of distribution maps - one for each of the 47 British Species - compiled according to the latest available data. There are 16 plates of black and white photographs and two colour plates of ant species specially painted for this volume by Gordon Riley.This book should provide both the amateur naturalist and the professional zoologist with a valuable source of reference, and a fascinating account of the lives of an intriguing group of insects.

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CHAPTER 3

TYPES OF BRITISH ANT

IDENTIFICATION

Three keys are given here: the first to sub-families, the second to genera and the third to species. These are based on characteristics shown by workers and, in those species which lack them, queens; males help a great deal but for simplicity have been left out. To identify ants as far as the species is difficult; indeed, experts are often not in agreement about some very similar forms. Nevertheless the four main genera, Myrmica , Leptothorax , Lasius and Formica , have been here divided into their most common and easily identified species. The key is not based solely on structural features but includes in a few places reference to habitat, nest site and shape and other aspects of natural history. A low-powered stereoscopic microscope is best for assessing many characteristics but a hand lens may sometimes be adequate. Many distinctions are comparative, e.g., hairy or not hairy, and it is obvious that in these cases experience and reference to a reliable, modern collection is essential.

Key to sub-families

1 Waist of 2 small segments ( fig. 1) Myrmicinae
Waist of 1 segment 2
2 Gaster constricted between segments 1 and 2, with a well-developed sting Ponerinae
No constriction, no sting 3
3 Five segments of the gaster visible from above, a circular orifice for ejecting venom fringed by guide hairs ( fig. 7) Formicinae
Four segments of gaster visible from above, no circular orifice but a slit through which viscous defensive fluid is passed, no hairs Dolichoderinae

Key to genera

A Ponerinae
Only one certain British species, Ponera coarcta , exists; it is a slow, timid ant with small colonies
B Myrmicinae
1 Queens black, with shallow, longitudinal trough on gaster, no workers; in Tetramorium caespitum nests Anergates
Otherwise 2
2 No spines on the rear of the mesosoma, antennae of 10 segments, the last 2 forming a club Solenopsis
Mesosoma toothed or spined at the rear 3
3 Second waist segment with a forwards-directed spine underneath 4
No such spine 5
4 Antennae 11-segmented, tibial spurs on legs 2 and 3, in Formica rufa nests Formicoxenus
Antennae 12-segmented, no tibial spurs on legs 2 and 3, no workers; in Myrmica nests Sifolinia
5 Jaw sickle-shaped; in nests of Tetramorium caespitum Strongylognathus
Jaw with teeth 6
6 First waist segment elongate, eyes minute Stenamma
First waist segment not elongate, eyes normal 7
7 First waist segment oblong from side with 2 tubercles above Myrmecina
Segment not so 8
8 Front of first thoracic segment squared dorsally, small black ants Tetramorium
Front of first thoracic segment rounded dorsally, reddish-brown ants 9
9 Last 3 antennal segments shorter than the rest of the funiculus Myrmica
Last 3 antennal segments about as long as the rest of the funiculus Leptothorax
C Formicinae
I Ocelli large and distinct, legs long, segments 2–5 of the funiculus longer than all the rest together Formica
2 Ocelli very small and indistinct, legs short, segments 2–5 of the funiculus shorter than all the rest together Lasius
D Dolichoderinae
Only one British species, Tapinoma erraticum, exists; it has small, black, agile workers which run about with their gaster raised

Key to species

A Myrmica
O Scape of antenna near point of attachment to head bent gradually and smoothly without ridges; head relatively shiny, especially the frontal area ( fig. 6c) 1
Scape bent sharply through a right angle, with or without ridges, head dull, matt ( fig. 6d) 2
1 Epinotal spines long in relation to body size; either workers large, queens larger than workers, fewer than 10 in a colony ( macrogyna )
or
queens same size as workers, more than 10 in a colony ( microgyna ) ruginodis
Epinotal spines short in relation to body size; workers small, queens much larger, up to 100 in a colony rubra
2 Antennal scape without ridge or teeth; frontal area with marked striations; a dark ant in moorland sulcinodis
Antennal scape with ridges or teeth at the bend 3
3 Scape with very characteristic transverse ridge or plate at bend, almost tooth-like from some aspects; a small, dark species lobicornis
Scape with lateral ridge at bend, reddish-brown scabrinodis
( fig. 6d) and sabuleti
FIG 6 Worker of Myrmica rubra a head b foreleg c scape of antenna d - фото 4

FIG. 6. Worker of Myrmica rubra : a. head, b. foreleg, c. scape of antenna, d. Myrmica scabrinodis: scape of antenna. c. and d. are viewed from behind. Hairs are abundant on the head which is strongly corrugated.

scabrinodis is a smaller ant and has a less pronounced lateral ridge than sabuleti ; it also has more queens in each colony
B Leptothorax
O Antennae with 11 segments; a relatively large species acervorum
Antennae with 12 segments; a relatively small species 1
I Club of funiculus no darker than the rest of the antenna; a distinct dorsal groove or depression across the middle of the mesosoma; nests in tree stumps and wood nylanderi
Club of funiculus darker than the rest of the antenna; no transverse groove on the mesosoma; rare species tuberum
and interruptus
FIG 7 Worker of Lasius niger a head b scale on petiole from behind c - фото 5

FIG. 7. Worker of Lasius niger : a. head; b. scale on petiole from behind; c. side view of tail segments to show ring of hairs around the circular orifice. The whole body is covered with a light pubescence and there are short, erect hairs on the scape of the antenna but none of these have been shown.

C Lasius
O Colour jet black, shiny, head heart-shaped fuliginosus
Colour otherwise, head normal 1
1 Colour brown to dull black 2
Colour yellow 4
2 Scape of antenna and tibia of leg with short, upright hairs; body dark, almost black but hairy and matt niger
No such hairs; body browner, less hairy 3
3 Frontal area indistinct; smaller, uniformly coloured, individuals living in open, sunny places alienus
Frontal area distinct; larger individuals with gaster and head darker than the thorax; living in old trees brunneus
4 Scape of antenna and tibia of leg with short, upright hairs umbratus
and rabaudi
No such hairs 5
5 Hairs on top of gaster short, scale tapered above mixtus
Hairs on top of gaster long, scale broad and low, not tapered above, no cheek hairs in front view; makes soil mounds in grassland flavus
Three of the yellow species, umbratus , rabaudi and mixtus , are very variable and intergrade in the worker caste.
D Formica
O Clypeus with central notch in lower margin; colour usually deep red sanguinea
Clypeus without notch; colour reddish-brown to black I
1 Back of head and top of scale notched exsecta
Not so 2
2 Thorax reddish-brown, paler than head and gaster 3
Body black all over 6
3 Eyes with small hairs and back of head with prominent long hairs; wood ants making mound nests of vegetation near trees or in open moorland in northern Britain 4
Eyes and back of head bare 5
4 Thorax with many fine, long hairs lugubris
Thorax with fewer, shorter hairs aquilonia
5 Frontal area shiny, maxillary palp short and hairy; southern wood ants making large mound nests in open forest rufa
Frontal area dull; individuals smaller, making very small mound nests or excavations in open, heathy places cunicularia
6 Body shiny, black; building small vegetation mounds in wet heath and bog transkaucasica
Body dull, black; excavating nests in drier places lemani
and fusca

CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION

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