Brenda A. Wilson - Bacterial Pathogenesis

Bacterial

Pathogenesis

Fourth Edition

Bacterial

Pathogenesis

A Molecular Approach

Brenda A. Wilson

Department of Microbiology

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

Malcolm E. Winkler

Department of Biology

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

Brian T. Ho

Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology

University College London and Birkbeck, University of London

London, United Kingdom

Washington, DC

Copyright © 2019 American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part or reused in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wilson, Brenda A., author. | Winkler, Malcolm E, author. | Ho, Brian T. (Brian Thomas), author. | Salyers, Abigail A. Bacterial pathogenesis.

Title: Bacterial pathogenesis : a molecular approach / Brenda A. Wilson, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Malcolm E. Winkler, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, Brian T. Ho, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Description: Fourth edition. | Washington, DC : ASM Press, [2019] | Revised and updated edition of the work originally authored by Abigail Salyers and Dixie Whitt.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019017126 (print) | LCCN 2019018854 (ebook) | ISBN 9781683672883 (eBook) | ISBN 9781555819408 (pbk.)

Subjects: LCSH: Bacterial diseases—Pathogenesis. | Molecular microbiology.

Classification: LCC QR201.B34 (ebook) | LCC QR201 .B34 S24 2019 (print) | DDC 579.3/165—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019017126

All Rights Reserved

Printed in Canada

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

doi:10.1128/9781555819415

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Illustrations and illustration concepting: Patrick Lane, ScEYEnce Studios

Cover and interior design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc.

Cover image: Antibiotic (streptomycin) molecules being expelled out of a bacterium through the TolC efflux-pump. 3d rendering. Image courtesy of Juan Gaertner/Science Photo Library, used with permission. Based on Murakami S, Nakashima R, Yamashita E, Yamaguchi A. 2002. Nature 419:587–593.

To Abigail A. Salyers and Dixie D. Whitt

In recognition of their intrepid vision and leadership that forged the foundation of this fascinating exploration of the field of bacterial pathogenesis

Herein, their legacy lives on.

Contents

Preface

In Memoriam

About the Authors

CHAPTER 1 The Power of Bacteria

Why Are Bacteria So Much in the Public Health Spotlight Nowadays?

Bacteria, a Formidable Ancient Life Form

Pressing Current Infectious Disease Issues

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases

Foodborne and Waterborne Infections

Modern Medicine as a Source of New Diseases

Postsurgical and Other Wound Infections

Bioterrorism

A New Respect for Prevention

Surveillance: An Early Warning System

Making Hospitals Safe for Patients

And Now for Some Good News: You’ve Got a Bacterial Infection!

The Helicobacter pylori Revolution

The Aftermath

Microbiota Shift Diseases

A Brave New World of Pathogenesis Research

The New Age of Genomics

Insights into Pathogen Evolution

Modeling the Host-Pathogen Interaction in Experimental Animals

Correlation Studies

Selected Readings

Questions

CHAPTER 2 Skin and Mucosa: The First Lines of Defense against Bacterial Infections

The Best Defense: Avoid, Reduce, and Prevent Exposure!

Barriers: Skin and Mucosal Membranes

The Layers of Cells That Protect the Body

Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Mucosa

Defenses of the Skin

Defenses of Mucosal Surfaces

Special Defenses of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Special Defenses of the Urogenital Tract

Special Defenses of the Respiratory Tract

Immune Defenses of the Skin and Mucosa

Models for Studying Breaches of Barrier Defenses

Selected Readings

Questions

CHAPTER 3 The Innate Immune System: Always on Guard

Triggering Innate Immune Defenses

Innate Immune Cells That Defend Blood and Tissue

Neutrophils (PMNs)

Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Granulocytes: Basophils, Mast Cells, and Eosinophils

Transmigration—How Do Phagocytes Know When and Where to Go?

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

The Lymphatic System

How Phagocytes Recognize and Respond to Bacteria

How Phagocytes Kill Bacteria

Oxidative Burst in Phagolysosomes

Autophagy—Another Pathway for the Killing of Intracellular Pathogens

The Complement Cascade

Complement Proteins

Overview of Complement Pathways and Their Function

Steps in Complement Activation

Controlling Complement Activation

Cytokines and Chemokines—Mediators of Immune Responses

Roles of Cytokines and Chemokines in Directing Innate Immune Responses

Inflammation and Collateral Damage

Septic Shock: The Dark Side of the Innate Defenses

Other Innate Defenses of the Body—Nutritional Immunity

Selected Readings

Questions

CHAPTER 4 The Adaptive Defenses: Antibodies and Cytotoxic T Cells

The Specialists: Adapting to a Particular Pathogen Challenge

B Cells: Producers of Antibodies

The Humoral (Antibody) Immune Response

Characteristics of Antibodies and Their Diverse Roles in Preventing Infection

Serum Antibodies

Secretory Antibodies: Antibodies That Protect Mucosal Surfaces

Pathogen and Toxin Neutralization by Antibodies

Affinity and Avidity

Cytotoxic T Cells, Also Known as Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Critical Defense against Intracellular Pathogens

Antigen Presentation to the Immune System

Processing of Protein Antigens by Dendritic Cells

Interaction between APCs and T Cells: The T-Cell-Dependent Response

Th-(Th1/Th2/Th17)-Cell-Mediated Immunity

Production of Antibodies by B Cells

Links between the Innate and Adaptive Defense Systems

T-Cell-Independent Antibody Responses

Mucosal Immunity: IgA/sIgA Antibodies

Development of the Adaptive Immune System from Infancy to Adulthood