Brenda A. Wilson - Bacterial Pathogenesis

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 14 Virulence Regulation

Virulence Gene Regulation

Mechanisms of Regulation

Operons, Regulons, and Global Regulators

Activators and Repressors

Two-Component Regulatory Systems

Sigma Factors

Transcriptional Terminators and Antiterminators

Regulation of Translation Initiation

Regulatory Small RNAs

Bacterial Chromatin

Responding to Environmental Signals

Phase Variation and Bistable Switches

Hypermutability, Intragenomic Recombination, and Positive Selection

Coordinate Virulence Regulation

Quorum Sensing

Chemotaxis

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

Special Global Perspective Problems: Integrating Concepts in Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 15 Antimicrobial Compounds and Their Targets

Antimicrobial Compounds: The Safety Net of Modern Medicine

The Importance of Antimicrobial Compounds

Avoiding, Reducing, and Preventing Exposure

Killing versus Inhibiting Growth

Tests Used To Assess Antibiotics

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Antibiotics

Characteristics of Antibiotics

The Process of Antibiotic Discovery

The Economics of Antibiotic Discovery

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action

Targets of Antibiotic Action

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Antibiotics That Target DNA and RNA Synthesis

Inhibitors of Tetrahydrofolate Biosynthesis

The Newest Antibiotics

The Newest Antibiotic Targets

Strategies for Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy

The Continuing Challenge

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 16 Antibiotic Resistance

The Dawning of Awareness—Uh, We Have a Problem!

How Did We Get to Where We Are?

And Now the Really Scary Part …

Emergence and Challenge of Multidrug Resistance (MDR)

Multiple Resistance and Genetic Linkage

Next-Generation MDR Pathogens: The “Superbugs”!

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

Overview of Resistance Mechanisms

Resistance to Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Limiting Access of the Antibiotic

Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antibiotic

Modification or Protection of the Antibiotic Target

Failure to Activate an Antibiotic

Regulation of Resistance Genes

Antibiotic Tolerance and Persister Cells

Antibiotic Tolerance

Persistence

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) of Resistance Genes

Propagating and Maintaining Antibiotic Resistance through Selective Pressure and Changes in Fitness

Will We Return to the Pre-Antibiotic Era?

Returning to Status Quo or Moving Forward?

The Hunt for Alternative Approaches to Antibiotics

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

Special Global Perspective Problems: Integrating Concepts in Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 17 Vaccination: A Critical Component of the Modern Medical Armamentarium

Vaccines: A Major Health Care Bargain

What Makes an Ideal Vaccine?

Immunization Programs

Barriers to Implementation and Success of Immunization Programs

The Antivaccination Movement

Vaccine Success Stories

Subunit Vaccines

Conjugate Vaccines

Vaccine “Less-than-Success” Stories

A New Age of Vaccine Development: Making Vaccines Better

Approaches to Enhancing Immunogenicity

Adjuvants

Programming Adaptive Immunity

Targeting Mucosal Immunity

Storage of Vaccines—Strategies to Increase Shelf Life

Passive Immunization

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

Special Global Perspective Problems: Integrating Concepts in Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 18 The Gram-Positive Opportunistic Pathogens

What Is an Opportunist?

Characteristics of Gram-Positive Opportunists

Notable Gram-Positive Opportunists

Staphylococcus aureus—Commensal Ready for a Fight

Staphylococcus epidermidis—Accidental Pathogen

Streptococcus pneumoniae—“Captain of All the Men of Death”

Clostridium difficile—True Opportunist

Other Gram-Positive Opportunists

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Negative Opportunistic Pathogens

Jumping Over the (Cell) Wall: Gram-Negative Bacteria Can Be Opportunistic Pathogens Too!

Common Traits of Gram-Negative Opportunists

The Dark Side of Some Residents of the Human Body

The Ever-Changing Face of E. coli

Klebsiella pneumoniae Nosocomial Infections

Bacteroides fragilis—The Bad Sheep of the Family

Porphyromonas gingivalis—A Keystone Pathogen

Environmental Inhabitants Weigh in as Opportunists

Pseudomonas aeruginosa—A Versatile Opportunist of the Highest Order

Burkholderia cepacia Complex—P. aeruginosa’s Evil Twin

Acinetobacter baumannii—A Deadly Threat Emerges from the Iraq War

Don’t Forget the Arthropods!

Ehrlichia spp.

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

Special Global Perspective Problems: Integrating Concepts in Pathogenesis

CHAPTER 20 The Changing Roles of Microbiologists in an Age of Bioterrorism and Emerging Diseases

When Microbiologists Are Called to the Front Line

Tracking Down a Bioterrorist

Unintentional or Deliberate?

Timing

Tracing the Source

Lessons Learned

The “Top Four” Bioterror Agents

Bacillus anthracis Spores

Smallpox

Yersinia pestis

Botulinum Neurotoxin

What If Bioterrorists Hit Us with Something Completely New?

Biosecurity in a Complex, Dynamic, and Ever-Changing World

Food Safety and Biosecurity

The Case for Food Irradiation

The Future of Biosecurity

Selected Readings

Questions

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis

Glossary

Index

Preface

Since the third edition of Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach was written, the field of bacterial pathogenesis has vastly expanded and evolved. Some areas have been revolutionized by the manner that research is now conducted in this genome era and the wealth of information obtained from modern advanced technologies, while other areas have become obsolete. These changes have necessitated extensive updating and rewriting of many chapters of the textbook. The death of Abigail Salyers and the retirement of Dixie Whitt in 2013 necessitated the recruitment of a new author, Brian Ho, who like the other remaining authors, Brenda Wilson and Malcolm Winkler, comes with significant expertise and research experience in modern approaches to studying bacterial pathogenesis.

This textbook is intended to be a living book that evolves in response to the constantly changing research landscape of the field of bacterial pathogenesis. True to this mandate, the fourth edition maintains the overall format of the third edition, building on the core foundations and insights of the previous editions, while expanding into new concepts, key modern innovations and cutting-edge research, and new developments in the field. All-new detailed illustrations, for the first time in stunning full color, depict important concepts and mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens interact with their hosts, other microbes, and their environments, both inside and outside the body. The enormous advances that have been made in next-generation sequencing technologies and functional genomics and multi-omics approaches have necessitated a complete update for several of the chapters. Expanded topics highlight new developments in the areas of microbiomes; comparative and evolutionary genomics; the power of Tn-Seq, RNA-Seq, and gene-editing technologies; the advancing areas of autophagy, CRISPR-Cas systems, and transgenic animal models; the roles of secreted effectors and innate immunity in pathogen clearance and persistence; and the escalating challenges of antimicrobial resistance.