Michael Nelson - Statistics in Nutrition and Dietetics

12 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1 Types of Randomization of ProcedureTABLE 12.2 Number of Subjects in Each Block of Administration of Three Levels...TABLE 12.3 Latin Square Design for Six Taste Panel Experts to Test Six Relate...TABLE 12.4 A Systematic Square for Four Friends and Four GamesTABLE 12.5 The Relationships between H 0, P Value (also Referred to as α )...TABLE 12.6 Values for ( Z α/2+ Z β) 2used in the Calculation of Sampl...TABLE 12.7 Formulae for Calculation of n , Z β(for Power) or d , Given You ...

13 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1 Examples of Aims and Objectives

14 Chapter 15TABLE 15.1 My Elder Son’s Height from 0 to 18 YearsTABLE 15.2 Number and Percentage of Children in Cambridge Study According to ...TABLE 15.3 Number and Percentage of Children in Cambridge Study by Age and In...TABLE 15.4 A Comparison of Energy and Protein Intake (Absolute and Percentage...TABLE 15.5 Estimated Energy and Protein Requirements and Total Measured Intak...

15 Part 4TABLE 1 Results for Rounding ExerciseTABLE 2 Impact of Screening for Breast Cancer on 5‐year Mortality in 62 000 W...TABLE 3 Income by Social Class in a Town with Population = 100 000TABLE 4 Tally of Calcium Intakes (mg/d) in 100 Cambridge Women age 18–53 Yea...TABLE 5 Summary Statistics for Selected Samples of 10 Observations Drawn from...TABLE 6 Exercise on Measurement ScalesTABLE 7 Anxiety Scores in Patients with AnorexiaTABLE 8 Knowledge Scores Comparing Different Teaching MethodsTABLE 9 Growth in Babies from Guatemala between 4 and 12 Weeks Either Breast ...TABLE 10 Scores for Pressure Scores in two Groups of Hospital Patients given ...TABLE 11 Estimates of Child Height using Two Different Assessment MethodsTABLE 12 Numbers of Women and Men Who Thought Changes in Dietary Habits would...TABLE 13 Number of Patients Who Had Nutritional Status Assessed Three Months ...TABLE 14 Presence of Anaemia in Adolescent Girls According to Menarchial Stat...TABLE 15 Probabilities of Anaemia in Adolescent Girls According to Menarchial...TABLE 16 Patients Prescribed Drug A and Drug B for Gastro‐oesophageal Reflux ...TABLE 17 Opinion of 100 Members of the Public on the Role of Salt in Hyperten...TABLE 18 Typical Dietitian Salaries in the NHS in England, By Age (From Diete...TABLE 19 Glucocorticoid Therapy (Months) and Bone‐density ( T ‐score) in 14 Wom...TABLE 20 Carbohydrate Intake (g/d) in Four Groups of Cyclists

1 Part 1 FIGURE 1 A SCARY STATISTICIAN. FIGURE 2 A FRIENDLY STATISTICIAN.

2 Chapter 1 FIGURE 1.1 Pre‐test–post‐test design. FIGURE 1.2 One‐sample design. FIGURE 1.3 Two‐sample (parallel) design. FIGURE 1.4 Two‐sample (matched) design. FIGURE 1.5 Randomized placebo‐controlled cross‐over trial. FIGURE 1.6 Cohort study design. FIGURE 1.7 Case‐control study design.

3 Chapter 2 FIGURE 2.1 Distribution of observations of dietary fibre intake (g/d) showing ... FIGURE 2.2 Distribution of observations of dietary fibre intake (g/d) showing ... FIGURE 2.3 Illustration of mode: opinions of health science students regarding... FIGURE 2.4 (a) Mean daily iron intake (mg/d), males 11–14 years. (b) Mean dail... FIGURE 2.5 Mean daily iron intake (mg/d), with tertiles, for (a) males 11–14 y...FIGURE 2.6 Histogram of time (in seconds) taken to walk 10 m by 12 patients at...

4 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 The Normal, Gaussian, or bell‐shaped curve.FIGURE 3.2 Consumption of fruit (g/d) in males 18 years and over in the Unit...FIGURE 3.3 A graphical representation of the differences between observation...

5 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 Probability distribution of the outcomes of throws of one die wit...FIGURE 4.2 Probability distribution of the number of ‘successes’ ( r ) in samp...FIGURE 4.3 Probability distribution of referrals per month for Type 2 diabet...FIGURE 4.4 Distribution of height in 1056 boys aged 10–11 years living in En...FIGURE 4.5 (a) Areas under the curve ±1 standard normal deviate ( u ) from the...FIGURE 4.6 (a) Distribution of retinol intake (μg/d, food only) in 486 women...

6 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 Distribution of (a) height (cm) in 1056 boys aged 10–11 years liv...FIGURE 5.2 Relationship between μ , sample means, and 95% confidence int...FIGURE 5.3 Relationship between μ , sample mean, and 95% confidence inte...

7 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 (a) Probability distribution of the values for d , ν = 9, if the n...FIGURE 6.2 (a) Probability distribution of the values for , ν = 11, if...FIGURE 6.3 SPSS output for Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality.FIGURE 6.4 SPSS command screen for paired t ‐test.FIGURE 6.5 SPSS output for paired t ‐test.FIGURE 6.6 SPSS output for unpaired t ‐test.

8 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 SPSS output for Mann–Whitney analysis.FIGURE 7.2 SPSS output for Wilcoxon sign test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test....

9 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 SPSS output for Crosstabs for sex and physical activity data.FIGURE 8.2 SPSS output for chi‐squared analysis in Crosstabsfor sex and phy...FIGURE 8.3 SPSS output for chi‐squared analysis in Crosstabsfor sex and fru...

10 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1 SPSS data layout for McNemar’s test relating to impact of statist...FIGURE 9.2 SPSS output for McNemar’s test relating to impact of statistics c...FIGURE 9.3 Aggregated data for use with SPSS new commands for McNemar’s test...FIGURE 9.4 SPSS output for McNemar’s test relating to impact of statistics c...

11 Chapter 10FIGURE 10.1 (a)–(f) Possible associations between paired ( x,y ) variables.FIGURE 10.2 Death rate from cirrhosis and alcoholism versus alcohol consumpt...FIGURE 10.3 Examples of monotonic and nonmonotonic relationships. (a) Linear...FIGURE 10.4 Death rate from cirrhosis and alcoholism versus alcohol consumpt...FIGURE 10.5 Death rate from cirrhosis and alcoholism versus alcohol consumpt...FIGURE 10.6 Death rate versus alcohol consumption in 15 countries, with regr...FIGURE 10.7 SPSS output for correlation analysis of death rate versus alcoho...FIGURE 10.8 SPSS output for linear regression analysis of death rate versus ...

12 Chapter 11FIGURE 11.1 Schematic representation of analysis of variance when (a) the F ...FIGURE 11.2 Introductory screen in SPSS for Analyze>General Linear Model>Uni...FIGURE 11.3 ‘Post hoc’ menu for Analyze>General Linear Model>Univariate.FIGURE 11.4 ‘Options’ menu for Analyze>General Linear Model>Univariate.FIGURE 11.5 Mean weight loss by diet and gender.FIGURE 11.6 SPSS output for Kruskal–Wallis analysis.FIGURE 11.7 Subsidiary SPSS output for Kruskal–Wallis analysis.

13 Chapter 12FIGURE 12.1 A field.FIGURE 12.2 A field sown with two crops.FIGURE 12.3 A field with an unknown fertile patch sown with two crops.FIGURE 12.4 A field with an unknown fertile patch sown with two crops in a r...FIGURE 12.5 Power.

14 Chapter 15FIGURE 15.1 My son’s height (cm) from birth to 18 years.FIGURE 15.2 Percentage of children in Cambridge study according to age and i...FIGURE 15.3 Number of children in Cambridge study by age and income group (a...FIGURE 15.4 The Eatwell Guide.FIGURE 15.5 Breakdown of the diet by Eatwell Guide categories for current co...FIGURE 15.6 A comparison of energy and protein intake between two groups of ...FIGURE 15.7 Baseline levels of anti‐CMV IgG differ in younger and older subj...FIGURE 15.8 Mean (SEM) for the area under the curve (AUC) TAG response accor...FIGURE 15.9 Correlations between flow mediated dilation (FMD) and macronutri...FIGURE 15.10 Boxplots and individual changes in flow mediated dilation (FMD)...FIGURE 15.11 Percent difference from the mean value in group 5 of the DQS fo...FIGURE 15.12 Survival probability curves for IHD incidence between an unheal...