David L. Russell - Practical Wastewater Treatment

113 108

114 109

115 110

116 111

117 112

118 113

119 114

120 115

121 116

122 117

123 118

124 119

125 120

126 121

127 122

128 123

129 125

130 126

131 127

132 128

133 129

134 130

135 131

136 132

137 133

138 134

139 135

140 136

141 137

142 138

143 139

144 139

145 140

146 141

147 142

148 143

149 144

150 145

151 146

152 147

153 148

154 149

155 150

156 151

157 152

158 153

159 154

160 155

161 156

162 157

163 158

164 159

165 160

166 161

167 162

168 163

169 163

170 164

171 165

172 166

173 167

174 168

175 169

176 170

177 171

178 172

179 173

180 173

181 174

182 175

183 176

184 177

185 178

186 179

187 180

188 181

189 182

190 183

191 184

192 185

193 186

194 187

195 188

196 189

197 190

198 191

199 192

200 193

201 194

202 195

203 196

204 197

205 198

206 199

207 200

208 201

209 202

210 203

211 204

212 205

213 206

214 207

215 208

216 209

217 210

218 211

219 212

220 213

221 214

222 215

223 216

224 217

225 218

226 219

227 220

228 221

229 222

230 223

231 224

232 225

233 226

234 227

235 227

236 228

237 229

238 230

239 231

240 232

241 233

242 234

243 235

244 237

245 238

246 239

247 240

248 241

249 242

250 243

251 244

252 245

253 246

254 247

255 248

256 249

257 250

258 251

259 252

260 253

261 254

262 255

263 256

264 257

265 258

266 259

267 260

268 261

269 262

270 263

271 264

272 265

273 266

274 267

275 268

276 269

277 270

278 271

279 272

280 273

281 273

282 274

283 275

284 276

285 277

286 278

287 279

288 280

289 281

290 282

291 283

292 284

293 286

294 287

295 285

296 288

297 289

298 290

299 291

300 293

301 294

302 295

303 296

304 297

305 298

306 299

307 300

308 301

309 302

310 303

311 304

312 305

313 306

314 307

315 309

316 310

317 311

318 312

319 313

320 314

321 313

322 314

323 315

324 316

325 317

326 318

327 319

328 320

329 321

330 322

331 323

332 324

333 325

334 325

335 326

336 327

337 328

338 329

339 330

340 331

341 332

342 333

343 334

344 335

345 336

346 337

347 338

348 339

349 340

350 341

351 342

352 343

353 344

354 345

355 347

356 348

357 349

358 350

359 351

360 352

361 353

362 354

363 355

364 356

365 357

366 358

367 359

368 360

369 361

370 362

371 363

372 364

373 365

374 366

375 367

376 368

377 369

378 370

379 371

380 372

381 373

382 374

383 375

384 376

385 377

386 378

387 379

388 380

389 381

390 382

391 383

392 384

393 385

394 386

395 387

396 388

397 389

398 390

399 391

400 392

401 393

402 395

403 396

404 397

405 398

406 402

407 399

408 400

409 401

410 403

411 404

412 405

413 406

414 407

415 408

416 409

417 410

418 411

419 412

420 413

421 414

422 415

423 416

424 417

425 419

426 420

427 421

428 422

429 423

430 424

431 425

432 425

433 426

434 427

435 428

436 429

437 430

438 431

439 432

440 433

441 434

442 435

443 436

444 437

445 438

446 439

447 440

448 441

449 442

450 443

451 444

452 445

453 446

454 447

455 448

456 449

457 450

458 451

459 452

460 453

461 454

462 455

463 456

464 457

Second Edition

David L. Russell, PE

Lilburn, Georgia Global Environmental Operations Inc.

This edition first published 2019

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Edition History

John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1e, 2006) .

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of David L. Russell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.