EXTREMOPHILES as Astrobiological Models

9 Index

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1Steam condenser: (a) Collector body is a stainless cylinder, 1 or 2 l... Figure 1.2Steam deposit sampling sites: (a) Nonsulfur steam cave site Hawai’i 1... Figure 1.3Steam caves/vents spectra: (a) Hawai’i H1 nonsulfur cave. (b) Lassen ... Figure 1.4Sulphur Works nonsulfur cave SW1 culture pH 4.5, 80 °C. (a) Phase con... Figure 1.5Sulphur Works sulfur cave SW3 culture pH 4.5, 85 °C. (a) Phase contra... Figure 1.6Sulphur Works iron vent SW4 culture, pH 4.5, 80 °C. (a) Phase contras... Figure 1.7FISH labeled culture pH 4.5, 80 °C, isolated from iron vent, Sulphur ... Figure 1.8Scanning electron microscope images of steam vent isolates. (a) Cell ... Figure 1.9Iron-oxidizing environment. Heated rainwater from magmatic heat conve... Figure 1.10Salt cave environment. (1) Rainwater recharge of the Hawaiian ground...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1View of colorful filamentous algae in the red waters of the origin of... Figure 2.2Comparison between ferruginous deposits of the Burns Formation (a) cr... Figure 2.3.Processing the selected cores for the generation of samples in an an... Figure 2.4Borehole BH11 drilling in Peña de Hierro. (Image credit: the authors)... Figure 2.5Bacteria detected using the CARD-FISH probe EUB338-1 at 420 mbs. (Ima... Figure 2.6.Preservation of different traces of life in the oldest Rio Tinto ter...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1Macroscopic aspect of black mud freshly collected from hypersaline me... Figure 3.2Relative abundance estimation for major taxa in organic-rich sediment... Figure 3.3Major steps of anaerobic organic matter degradation to methane, CO 2a...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1.Great Salt Lake is visible from space in its location in western Nor... Figure 4.2.Great Salt Lake (GSL) and Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF) in the context... Figure 4.3.Mineral formation at Great Salt Lake. (a) The beach is expansive as ... Figure 4.4.Evaporites on Earth and Mars. (a) Bonneville Salt Flats in the Great... Figure 4.5.Magnetic fields of Mars and Earth. (a) Schematic of the solar wind i... Figure 4.6.Analogue mineralogy: (a) Gypsum “box-work” at Gale Crater on Mars as... Figure 4.7.Halite crystals from Great Salt Lake. (a) Halite hopper crystals, co... Figure 4.8.Gypsum crystals contain haloarchaea. (a) Blade-like gypsum crystals ...

5 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1.The author (second from left) attired as a spaceman and budding astr... Figure 5.2.Three photographs of the playa of Searles Lake, California, with its...

6 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1.Extremophiles and Extremotrophs by category. Characterizing the para...

7 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1Note the disappearance of sea ice at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsu... Figure 7.2Progression of loss of sea ice from the edge of the Amundsen Sea from... Figure 7.3Reduced pH around 300 to 450 meters where krill embryos develop. (Fig... Figure 7.4Transect from 20 N to 65 N showing low oxygen (hypoxia zone) only in ... Figure 7.5Transect from 20 N to 65 N, showing appearance of reduced oxygen zone... Figure 7.6Typical vent community. (Figure courtesy of Dr. Fred Grassle). Figure 7.7Giant tube worms Riftia pachyptila clustering on hydrothermal vent. (... Figure 7.8Vent zoarcid fish Diplacanthaopora sp. with tube worm R. pachyptila i... Figure 7.9(a) Rimicaris hybisae and (b) Rimicaris exoculata. (Figures courtesy ... Figure 7.10Color image of a lava-rise pit formed by gradual thickening of a lav... Figure 7.11Artist’s interpretation of ultra-abyssal life in the Puerto Rico Tre... Figure 7.12Europa. (Image credit: NASA). Figure 7.13Xenophyophore from the Galapagos Rift. The “giant amoeba” (belonging...

8 Chapter 8 Figure 8.1E. Imre Friedmann and Maria Grilli Caiola while attending the Interna... Figure 8.2E. Imre Friedmann’s letter on the history of desert strains of Chrooc...

9 Chapter 9 Figure 9.1Foton satellite with BIOPAN-5 facility orbiting the Earth. (Courtesy ... Figure 9.2Opened Biopan-5 facility with experiment LICHENS surrounded in red. (... Figure 9.3EXPOSE-E on the International Space Station with experiment LIFE. (Co... Figure 9.4EXPOSE-R2 on the International Space Station with experiment BIOMEX. ... Figure 9.5Lichens (a) Rhizocarpon geographicum and (b) Xanthoria elegans. (Imag... Figure 9.6(a) Confocal scanning laser microscopy image showing high vitality of... Figure 9.7The vagrant lichen species Circinaria gyrosa. (Courtesy of L. García ... Figure 9.8LITHOPANSPERMIA/STONE Experiment: (left) Location at the heat shield ... Figure 9.9LIFE experiment: Lichens thalli, lichens mycobionts cryptoendolithic ... Figure 9.10(left) Zvezda module at International Space Station; (right) EXPOSE-... Figure 9.11Percentage of activity of photosystem II of lichen species measured ...

10 Chapter 10 Figure 10.1.Setup of the EXPOSE-R2 mission tray. (a) Close-up of a single-tray ... Figure 10.2.Survival of desiccated Hlm. muralis (a) and Hcc. morrhuae (b) cells... Figure 10.3.Survival of Hcc. morrhuae , embedded in a biofilm of Hlm. muralis an... Figure 10.4.Survival of Hcc. morrhuae (embedded in the biofilm of Hlm. muralis )... Figure 10.5.RAPD-PCR to visualize the damages accumulated in DNA of Hcc. morrhu...

11 Chapter 11 Figure 11.1.(a) Sandstone slopes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (Southern Victoria ... Figure 11.2.Resistance to space-relevant radiation in dried condition. Cultivat... Figure 11.3.Understanding the role of melanin: Metabolic activity recovery afte... Figure 11.4.Resistance of C. antarcticus to simulated Mars-like conditions outs... Figure 11.5.BIOMEX experiment outside the ISS: TEM micrographs of cells of C. a...

12 Chapter 12 Figure 12.1.Tardigrades in active hydrated state (left) and in the desiccated a... Figure 12.2.The ball and cup heuristics as used in resilience science to illust... Figure 12.3.The main results from the TARDIS experiment performed within the BI...

13 Chapter 14 Figure 14.1.Energetics of common hydrogen-utilizing microbial reactions in the ... Figure 14.2.Possible sources and sinks for methane on Mars. (Reprinted with per... Figure 14.3.Microbial iron redox cycling showing the co-dependent operation of ... Figure 14.4.A summary of the list of potential electron donors and acceptors av...

14 Chapter 15 Figure 15.1.Scheme of the conversion of a nonequilibrium prebiotic microsystem ... Figure 15.2.Pressure dynamics of water-steam mixture in well No. 30 in 2004 (Mu... Figure 15.3.Arising of embryo of the initial community in hydrothermal fluid mi...