J. C. Das - Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation

9 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1. Typical Ambient Illumination LevelsTABLE 9.2. Minimum Length of the Exposed Sensor Fiber per One Switchgear Comp...TABLE 9.3. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...TABLE 9.4. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...TABLE 9.5. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...

10 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1. Coordinating Time IntervalsTABLE 10.2. Typical Minimum Instantaneous Thresholds for Upstream Feeders Abo...TABLE 10.3. Circuit Breaker Selection and Trip Settings for Selective Coordin...TABLE 10.4. Arc Flash Hazard Calculations, Example 10.3, ATS Connected to Nor...TABLE 10.5. Final Settings on OCPDs of Figure 10.14

11 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1. Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transform...TABLE 11.2. Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transform...TABLE 11.3. Transformer Short-Time Thermal Overload CapabilityTABLE 11.4. Maximum Ratings of Current Limiting Fuses and Protected Transform...TABLE 11.5. Requirement of I 2 t Limitations and Minimum Pressure Relief Capaci...TABLE 11.6. Protection Provided by Primary Fuses: Frequent Fault and Infreque...TABLE 11.7. Protection Provided by Fuses versus Relays for Transformer throug...TABLE 11.8. Cable Sizes and Lengths, Figure 11.16TABLE 11.9. Faults at Various Locations in Figure 11.16 and the Protective De...TABLE 11.10. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis (see Figure 11.16) and TCC Plots (see ...TABLE 11.11. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis (see Figure 11.19) with Main Secondary...TABLE 11.12. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis, Main Secondary Breakers Provided with...

12 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1. Standard Accuracy Class for Metering Service and Corresponding Li...TABLE 12.2. Ratio Errors for Relaying Accuracy CTsTABLE 12.3. Class C or T Relaying Accuracy: Secondary Voltage and Relaying Bu...TABLE 12.4. C Class Accuracy Window Type CTs Normally Provided on Medium Volt...TABLE 12.5. Calculation of CT Secondary Resistance and VA Burden (Example 12....TABLE 12.6. Calculated CT Secondary Voltage (Volts) Using Factor (1 + X/R ), an...TABLE 12.7. Calculated CT Secondary Voltage (Volts) Using Factor (1 + X/R ), Ig...

13 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1. Annual Arc Flash Exposures for Equipment Types and Voltage LevelsTABLE 14.2. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis with TCC Plots Shown in Figure 14.6, Ex...TABLE 14.3. Arc Flash Reduction with Main MCC Fuses, Class L, 1000 A, 480-V, ...TABLE 14.4. Comparisons of I 2 t of Various Current Interrupting Devices for 40-...TABLE 14.5. Distribution of Q mfor Air-Cooled Stators of Generators with 80 pF...

14 Chapter 15TABLE 15.1. Preferred Ratings of General Purpose DC Power Circuit Breakers wi...TABLE 15.2. Iterative Calculation of Arcing Current Point A (27.5 kA) in Figu...TABLE 15.3. Calculations of Arcing Current and Arcing ResistanceTABLE 15.4. Calculation of the Average Current through the Fuse (Example 15.8...TABLE 15.5. Optimum Values of a and k

15 Chapter 16TABLE 16.1. Description of IEC 16850 Part NumbersTABLE 16.2. Logical Node GroupsTABLE 16.3. Port Description, Typical Distance, and Power Budget installation...

16 Appendix ATABLE A.1. Fitting the Least Square Line, Example A.1

17 Appendix BTABLE B.1. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.2. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.3. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.4. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.5. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.6. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.7. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.8. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.9. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.10. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Swit...TABLE B.11. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.12. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.13. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.14. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.15. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.16. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.17. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.18. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.19. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.20. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.21. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.22. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.23. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.24. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.25. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.26. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Treeing phenomena in nonself-restoring insulation, leading to ulti... Figure 1.2. The various stages of pressure buildup and its release for an arc ... Figure 1.3. Pressure versus distance from the center of the arc, based on Lee’... Figure 1.4. Peak sound pressure in dBA, at a distance of 1.8 m from a variety ... Figure 1.5. Average arcing current versus the peak sound pressure dBA. Source :... Figure 1.6. Fibrillating current (ma) rms, versus body weight. Source : Referen... Figure 1.7. Ventricular fibrillation curves, current versus time. Source : Refer... Figure 1.8. Shock hazard categories according to IEC. Figure 1.9. Hazard boundaries around an arcing source, adapted from NFPA 70E. Figure 1.10. To illustrate the arcing time for low voltage circuit breakers, a... Figure 1.11. An outfit for PPE HRC4. Figure 1.12. A specimen arc flash label.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Logo for the U.S. NIOSH PtD initiative. Figure 2.2. Key elements of safety by design. Figure 2.3. Statistics of electrical nonfatal injuries, industrywise, from 19... Figure 2.4. Fatalities in the construction industry, 1992–2002. 1: Tot... Figure 2.5. Percentage survival rate with respect to percentage body burns and... Figure 2.6. Risk and safety integrated concepts. Figure 2.7. Flow chart-risk assessment procedure. Figure 2.8. Elements of risk. Figure 2.9. Risk management process.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Electrode configurations.Figure 3.2. I arcversus V ocfor 208–1000 V, Comparison of IEEE 2002 versus 2018.Figure 3.3. I arcversus V ocfor 1–15 kV, Comparison of IEEE 2002 versus 2018.Figure 3.4. Flow chart for the calculation of arc flash hazard.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Methods of system grounding. Figure 4.2. Arc fault in a 3/16″ gap, 480-V system.Figure 4.3. Overvoltage versus ratio of resistor kW/charging kVA.Figure 4.4. (a and b) The stray capacitance currents and voltages in a low vol...Figure 4.5. (a) Selective ground fault protection in a high resistance grounde...Figure 4.6. (a) Corner grounded delta grounded system; (b) mid-point grounded ...Figure 4.7. (a) Zigzag grounding transformer showing winding connections, curr...Figure 4.8. Methods of low resistance or high resistance grounding of neutrals...Figure 4.9. A solidly grounded distribution system for selective ground fault ...Figure 4.10. A three-step ground fault coordination of the distribution system...Figure 4.11. Phase fault coordination of the system of Figure 4.9.Figure 4.12. Ground fault protection coordination with superimposed phase faul...Figure 4.13. Distribution system in Figure 4.9, modified for improved selective...Figure 4.14. Ground fault coordination, with low ground fault pickup settings ...Figure 4.15. A medium voltage low resistance grounded distribution system for ...Figure 4.16. Selective ground fault coordination of system in Figure 4.15, ext...Figure 4.17. Ground fault coordination in a large interconnected 13.8-kV syste...Figure 4.18. Selective ground fault coordination for the 13.8-kV distribution ...Figure 4.19. Derivation of a zero sequence polarizing voltage for directional ...