A Companion to African Literatures

1 Cover

2 Title Page A COMPANION TO AFRICAN LITERATURES EDITED BY OLAKUNLE GEORGE

3 Copyright Page

4 Notes on Contributors

5 Preface

6 Part I: East and Central Africa 1 East and Central Africa: An Introduction African‐Language Literatures and the Language Question The Makerere Conference The Abolition of the English Department Selected Writers Diasporic Imaginaries Present Directions Bibliography 2 Rereading East African Literature Through a Human Rights Lens: The Example of Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Weep Not, Child Bibliography Notes 3 Of Authenticity and Engagement in Francophone African Cultural Production The African Author and the Duty Toward Engagement Language and Postcolonial Performance Cinema and African Postmodernisms Writing Without France: Defining New Approaches Bibliography Notes 4 Literature and Hybridity in Mauritius and Réunion Language and Literacy The Colonial Novel and Hybridity Fluid Hybridities in the Twentieth and Twenty‐First Centuries Bibliography Notes 5 The Representation of Nation and National Identity in Modern Amharic Literature Constructing and Narrating the Modern Nation, 1896–1960 Walks on a Thin Line between Hope and Despair, 1960–1974 The Quest for Hibretesebawinet , 1974–1991 The Phoenix Rises from the Ashes of Ethnic Strife: 1991 to Present The Politics of Authorship, Language, and Identity Acknowledgments Bibliography Notes 6 Swahili Literature ( Fasihi ya Kiswahili ) Introduction: The Intercultural Heritage Oral Literature/Orature ( Fasihi Tamshi ) Early Writing: Beginnings in Religious Verse The Rise of Secular Writing Poetry of the Nonconforming “Modernists” Prose Drama and Theater Women Writers and Gender Concerns Swahili Translations Conclusion Bibliography

7 Part II: North Africa 7 North Africa: An Introduction The Nomenclature: North Africa, the Maghreb, the Mashriq, and Africa Institutions of Literature Vectors of Literary Traffic The Multilingual Imperative Dominant, Emergent, and Receding Voices and Forms Conclusion Bibliography Notes 8 Nation and Identity in Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt Bibliography 9 Hyphens & Hymens: francoarab Literature of the Maghreb Our Letter Hyphens … & Hymens Bibliography Notes 10 Translation and North African Letters Arab–Latin American Translation Flows Sonallah Ibrahim: Warda from Egypt to Cuba Mohamed Makhzangi: Clandestine in Chernobyl Bibliography Notes 11 Cross‐Pollination and Interweavings between the Maghreb and Sub‐Saharan Africa Through Art, Cinema, and Music Artistic Mnemotechnical Devices to Fight the Intangible Appearance of Ghosts: Clarke, Attia, Koko Bi, Allouache, and Awadi In Further Pursuit of Alliances and Modes of Resistance Through Contemplation: Zinoun, Sissako, Ndoye, and Abd Al Malek Conclusion Acknowledgment Bibliography Notes 12 France and North Africa: A Cinematic Retrospective of Centuries of Entangled Relations Early Encounters Unfold in Film The Birth of Cinema and the History of Cinematic Relation Between North Africa and France North Africa in French Cinema Film Producers of North African Descent in France Amazigh and Women Filmmaking Bibliography Notes

8 Part III: Southern Africa 13 Southern Africa: An Introduction Defining the Region Southern African Literature: A Mirage? Coda: Figures of the Frontline Bibliography Notes 14 Anglophone Literature of South Africa British Imperialism and the Segregation Era Apartheid and the “Interregnum” Post‐Apartheid and the “Post‐Transition” Acknowledgments Bibliography Selected Anthologies Notes 15 The Machinery of Life‐Writing Under Zimbabwe’s Third Chimurenga The Machinery of Life Writing: A Contextual Meaning Transforming Lives Lived to Lives Told Bibliography Notes 16 The Afrikaans Cultural Expressions of the Powerless and Subjugated Introduction The Afrikaans of the Powerless and Subjugated The Indigenous Oral Tradition and its Afrikaans Continuities Carnivals, Choirs, and the Theater of Reclamation Alternative Literacies and Religion Our Foreigners: Kleurlingdigters and ’n Bantoeskrywer Black Consciousness: Literature, Resistance, and Struggle Post‐Apartheid: Self‐Discovery, Reclamation, and Dialect Conclusion Bibliography Notes 17 Lusophone Southern African Literature (Angola, Mozambique) Angola Mozambique Bibliography Notes 18 A Socio‐Critical Survey of Black South African English Poetry, 1900–2000 Emergence of a Mission‐Educated African Elite Protest Poetry of the 1930s and 1940s Sharpeville: The Start of a Decade of Silence The Protest Poets of the 1970s and 1980s Bibliography Notes

9 Part IV: West Africa 19 West Africa: An Introduction Geographical Boundaries, Literary Horizons Postcolonial Self‐Affirmations Reading the Postnational Moment Bibliography Notes 20 West African Literature in English Things Fall Apart and a New Center Making It New and African After 1966 A Literature Reborn Bibliography Notes 21 Migration, Literary Imagination, and Mirages in the Francophone Text: Paths to Anthropological Mutilation The “Lucky Generation” Takes Its Leave Intertextuality: Textual Migrations and Literary Tradition The Unrelenting Chimera On the Road to Anthropological Mutilation Creative Disorder Conclusion Bibliography Notes 22 Reading Yorùbá Literature Introduction Yorùbá Poetry Yorùbá Drama Yorùbá Fiction Conclusion Bibliography Note

10 Part V: Redoublings and Reconstellations 23 Post‐Hybrid Conjunctive Consciousness in the Literature of the New African Diaspora I II III IV Bibliography 24 Outing Africa: On Sexualities, Gender, and Transgender in African Literatures From the Mid‐Nineteenth Century Through the 1960s and 1970s From the Late Twentieth Century through the “Turn of the Millennium” on to the Contemporary Moment Trans Sahara and the New Media Bibliography Filmography Notes 25 African Literature and the European Canon: From Past to Present and Back Again Background The Twenty‐First Century J. E. Casely Hayford as African Comparatist Bibliography Notes 26 War, Human Rights, and Historical Representation: Torture as Synecdoche I II III IV V Bibliography Notes 27 African Literature’s Other Media: Art Film, Nollywood Nollywood and “Minor Transnationalism” From Christianity to Corporate Sponsorship Nollywood Stardom Performing Ethnicity Conclusions: The Video Aesthetic in African Cinema Bibliography 28 Navigating Digital Worlds: African Literary Forms in the Digital Age New Media Forms and Platforms Digital Geographies Facebook Fictionality New Opportunities and Challenges Bibliography Notes

11 Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Bruce Clarke, Fantôme 8 , oil on canvas, 200 x 100 cm, from ...Figure 11.2 Jems Koko Bi, Racine , poplar wood, 290 x 350 x 350 cm, 2016. ...Figure 11.3 Abdoulaye Ndoye, Waramba 2, henna, acrylic, and litho pencil on

1 Cover Page

2 Series Page

3 Title Page A COMPANION TO AFRICAN LITERATURES EDITED BY OLAKUNLE GEORGE

4 Copyright

5 Notes on Contributors

6 Preface

7 Table of Contents

8 Begin Reading

9 Index

10 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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