Malcolm J. Crocker - Engineering Acoustics

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Series Preface

6 Preface

7 Acknowledgements

8 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 1.3 Frequency Analysis 1.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 1.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis References

9 2 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems2.1 Introduction 2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 2.3 Vibrating Systems 2.4 Multi‐Degree of Freedom Systems 2.5 Continuous Systems References

10 3 Sound Generation and Propagation3.1 Introduction 3.2 Wave Motion 3.3 Plane Sound Waves 3.4 Decibels and Levels 3.5 Three‐dimensional Wave Equation 3.6 Sources of Sound 3.7 Sound Power of Sources 3.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 3.9 Directivity 3.10 Line Sources 3.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 3.12 Ray Acoustics 3.13 Energy Acoustics 3.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 3.15 Room Equation 3.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 3.17 Standing Waves 3.18 Waveguides 3.19 Other Approaches References

11 4 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics4.1 Introduction 4.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 4.3 Subjective Response 4.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 4.5 Speech Production References

12 5 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sleep Disturbance 5.3 Annoyance 5.4 Cardiovascular Effects 5.5 Cognitive Impairment 5.6 Infrasound, Low‐Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 5.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 5.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 5.9 Hearing Protection 5.10 Effects of Vibration on People 5.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People References

13 6 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration6.1 Introduction 6.2 Loudness and Annoyance 6.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 6.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 6.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 6.6 Speech Interference Level 6.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 6.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 6.9 Sound Exposure Level 6.10 Day–Night Equivalent SPL 6.11 Percentile SPLs 6.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 6.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 6.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 6.15 Human Response 6.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 6.17 Human Vibration Criteria References

14 7 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements7.1 Introduction 7.2 Typical Measurement Systems 7.3 Transducers 7.4 Noise Measurements 7.5 Vibration Measurements 7.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise and Vibration Measurements References

15 8 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss8.1 Introduction 8.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 8.3 Theoretical Background 8.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 8.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 8.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 8.7 Applications 8.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 8.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements References

16 9 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control9.1 Introduction 9.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 9.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 9.4 Use of Damping Materials 9.5 Use of Sound Absorption 9.6 Acoustical Enclosures 9.7 Use of Barriers 9.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control References

17 10 Mufflers and Silencers – Absorbent and Reactive Types10.1 Introduction 10.2 Muffler Classification 10.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 10.4 Reactive Mufflers 10.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 10.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 10.7 Exhaust System Modeling 10.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 10.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 10.10 Reactive Muffler IL 10.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 10.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 10.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 10.14 Parallel‐Baffle Mufflers References

18 11 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines11.1 Introduction 11.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 11.3 Built‐up Machines 11.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 11.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery References

19 12 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 12.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 12.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 12.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 12.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 12.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 12.8 Single‐Number Ratings for Partitions 12.9 Impact Sound Transmission References

20 13 Design of Air‐conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control13.1 Introduction 13.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 13.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 13.4 Fan Noise 13.5 Space Planning 13.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 13.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 13.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 13.9 Radiated Noise References

21 14 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control14.1 Introduction 14.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 14.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 14.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 14.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships References

22 15 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control15.1 Introduction 15.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 15.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 15.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 15.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 15.6 Airport Noise Control References

23 16 Community Noise and Vibration Sources16.1 Introduction 16.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 16.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 16.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 16.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 16.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts References

24 GlossaryReferences

25 Index

26 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Preferred center frequencies for noise measurements according to IS...

2 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Models of idealized spherical sources: Monopole, Dipole, and Quadru... Table 3.2 Simple source near reflecting surfaces a. Table 3.3 Frequencies (less than 100 Hz) for a 3.1 × 4.7 × 6.2 m 3rectangular...

3 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Octave band levels of factory noise and Stevens' loudness indices. Table 4.2 Combination of octave‐band sound pressure levels of factory noise t... Table 4.3 Male voice speech sound pressure levels +12 dB at 1 m from lips for...

4 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Effects of noise on health and wellbeing with sufficient evidence [... Table 5.2 Estimated excess risk of incurring material hearing impairment aas ... Table 5.3 Time‐Weighted Average ( TWA ) noise level limits as a function of ... Table 5.4 Worker's A‐weighted noise level exposure record. Table 5.5 One‐octave‐band factory noise.Table 5.6 ACGIH recommended threshold limit values for hand‐transmitted vibra...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Some acoustical and nonacoustical factors that contribute to annoya...Table 6.2 Sound level values for Example 6.1.Table 6.3 Data used in Example 6.8.Table 6.4 Recommended values of NCB curves for different uses of spaces in bu...Table 6.5 Guidelines from EPA [31], WHO [68], FICON [33], and various Europea...Table 6.6 Guidelines used in the United Kingdom for A‐weighted equivalent sou...Table 6.7 Vibration dose values (ms −7/4) at which various degrees of ad...