Gillian Brock - Migration and Political Theory

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Gillian Brock, Migration and Political Theory

Gillian Brock

polity

Copyright © Gillian Brock 2021

The right of Gillian Brock to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2021 by Polity Press

Polity Press

65 Bridge Street

Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

101 Station Landing

Suite 300

Medford, MA 02155, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3524-8

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Brock, Gillian, author.

Title: Migration and political theory / Gillian Brock.

Description: Cambridge, UK ; Medford, MA : Polity Press, 2021. | Series: And political theory | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “A comprehensive overview of how political theorists are grappling with the great issue of our times”-- Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020024387 (print) | LCCN 2020024388 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509535224 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509535231 (paperback) | ISBN 9781509535248 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Emigration and immigration—Political aspects. | Emigration and immigration—Government policy. | Refugees.

Classification: LCC JV6255 .B72 2021 (print) | LCC JV6255 (ebook) | DDC 325--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024387LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024388

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

This book aims to provide a balanced guide through many complex migration issues. While I have been settled in New Zealand for most of my life, I have also undertaken two major transcontinental migrations at earlier stages. These different experiences have helped me appreciate both migrants’ perspectives as well as those of longer settled community members. In this book, I aim to capture at least these two perspectives on many multilayered debates. Many thanks are owed to the students, colleagues, friends, and fellow migrants who have been discussing issues of migration and political theory with me over the years. Special thanks are also owed to Stephen Davies and the team at Polity, especially Julia Davies and George Owers. For excellent comments on a draft of this manuscript, I am grateful to George Owers and four anonymous reviewers for Polity.

Migration issues dominate contemporary political discourse, and there has been a matching surge in political theorizing about the complex issues that migration raises. President Trump promised to build a wall on the United States’ southern border with Mexico (and to get Mexico to pay for it). He also promised to end the green card lottery, suspend refugee programs, force Dreamers to leave the United States, and deport more of those living illegally in the United States than ever before. The successful campaign for Britain to leave the European Union invoked much fear concerning rising numbers of immigrants. Australia, Italy, and Greece vigilantly guard their coasts, intercepting boats aiming to enter their waters. Violent clashes erupt in South Africa when Zimbabweans seeking work appear to threaten local job opportunities. Protecting the homeland from unwelcome foreign immigrants raises deep questions about the nature of who “we” are and what we fear about others. And it also invites us to think about several other topics, including the nature of political community, the defensible scope of self-determination, rightful authority to exclude from a territory, and the standing of borders.

The range of concerns that migration presents for those interested in matters of justice extends well beyond this cluster of issues centered on the state’s authority to exclude. Much migration is appropriately described as forced, as in the case of refugees. What responsibilities do we have to refugees seeking safe haven? And voluntary migration invokes a host of fairness concerns as well. What kinds of criteria may states permissibly use in formulating selection and citizenship policies? May states permissibly use wealth, health status, language proficiency, religion, sexual orientation, or family connections in such decisions? If so, how and when? Are there normative constraints on how destination countries may treat their “guest workers” from other countries and, if so, what are they? Does justice require regularizing the status of those who have been living in the state in ways deemed to be unlawful, at least under certain conditions? May governments ever defensibly restrict outmigration, preventing its citizens from leaving the territory, as the Soviet Union once did? These are just some of the many issues receiving considerable contemporary attention that are discussed in this work. This book aims to provide an introduction to the core of debates, along with focused attention to current and emerging questions.

This chapter provides some important background to discussing such issues. The chapter also seeks to offer some key facts about migration today in efforts to ensure readers have an accurate understanding of seminal information, which is sometimes appealed to or assumed in current debates. Sometimes politicians and citizens have important misconceptions about the nature, scope, and elements concerning migration. In such cases, arguments rest on shaky foundations. For instance, in contrast to the widely held view that movement is primarily from the so-called Global South to the Global North, in fact just as much, if not more, is South-South migration (IOM 2016). In addition, much migration is not of the kind that aims to be permanent. The phenomenon of migration certainly includes the cases of immigration and settlement, but also temporary and circular migration. This chapter also maps out some of the ethical and justice issues that migration raises and gives an overview of the book, with brief synopses of all the chapters.