Judaism I

Die Religionen der Menschheit

Begründet von Christel Matthias Schröder

Fortgeführt und herausgegeben von

Peter Antes, Manfred Hutter, Jörg Rüpke und Bettina Schmidt

Band Band 27,1

Cover: The Duke of Sussex’ Italian Pentateuch (British Library MS15423 f35v) Italy, ca. 1441–1467.

Michael Tilly/Burton L. Visotzky (Eds.)

Judaism I

History

Verlag W. Kohlhammer

Translations: David E. Orton, Blandford Forum, Dorset, England.

1. Auflage 2021

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© W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart

Gesamtherstellung: W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart

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Judaism, the oldest of the Abrahamic religions, is one of the pillars of modern civilization. A collective of internationally renowned experts cooperated in a singular academic enterprise to portray Judaism from its transformation as a Temple cult to its broad contemporary varieties. In three volumes the long-running book series "Die Religionen der Menschheit" (Religions of Humanity) presents for the first time a complete and compelling view on Jewish life now and then - a fascinating portrait of the Jewish people with its ability to adapt itself to most different cultural settings, always maintaining its strong and unique identity. Volume I provides a global view on Jewish history from antiquity, the middle ages, to contemporary history.

Prof. Dr. Michael Tilly is head of the Institute for Ancient Judaism and Hellenistic Religions at the Faculty of Protestant Theology at Tübingen University.

Prof. Dr. Burton L. Visotzky serves as Appleman Professor of Midrash and Interreligious Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (NYC).

Editors’ Introduction

Burton L. VisotzkyMichael Tilly

1 Die Wissenschaft des Judentums

2 World War II and Vatican II

3 Jacob Neusner resets the agenda

4 Martin Hengel, (Judaism and Hellenism)

5 The New Academy

6 Kohlhammer’s

7 What is not featured in these volumes

8 What is in these volumes

8.1 Judaism I: History

1 Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees

2 Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great

3 The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel

4 Judaism in Babylonia

5 Jews and/under Islam, 650–1000 CE

6 Judaism in the Middle Ages 1000–1500

7 Judaism During and After the Expulsions 1492–1750

8 Modern Judaism 1750–1930

9 The Holocaust and Antisemitism

10 Zionism and the State of Israel

11 Judaism in America

12 Judaism in Europe after the Second World War

8.2 Judaism II: Literature

13 The Jewish Bible: Traditions and Translations

14 Jewish Literature in the Hellenistic-Roman Period (350 B.C.E. –150 C.E.)

15 Tannaitic Literature

16 Amoraic Literature (ca 250–650 CE): Talmud and Midrash

17 Rabbinic-Gaonic and Karaite Literatures (ca. 650–1050 CE)

18 Legal Commentary, Responsa, and Codes Literature

19 Medieval Biblical Commentary and Aggadic Literature

20 Piyyut

21 Jewish Liturgy

22 Jewish Mysticism

8.3 Judaism III: Culture and Modernity

23 Jewish Philosophy and Thought

24 Judaism, Feminism, and Gender

25 Halakhah (Jewish Law) in Contemporary Judaism

26 Jewish engagement(s) with Modern Culture

27 Languages of the Jews

28 Modern Jewish Literature

29 Judaism and Inter-faith Relations since World War II

9 Conclusion

Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees

Hermann Lichtenberger

1 The Hellenization of Ancient Judaism—Preliminary Notes

2 Judaism and Hellenism in the Land of Israel/Judea—»Palestinian Judaism« as »Hellenistic Judaism«

2.1 The reception of Greek/Hellenistic culture in Judea

Greek language

Greek education and training

Greek literature and philosophy in Jewish Palestine

Greek translations of Jewish Hebrew works, taking Jesus ben Sirach as an example: The prologue of the grandson as a translator

3 The LXX as a Translation

3.1 The special features of the LXX as a translation

3.2 On the origins of the LXX—legend and history

Letter of (Pseudo-)Aristeas

Philo

Josephus

The Torah for King Talmai

4 The Temple Conflict under Antiochus IV and the Maccabean Revolt

4.1 Preliminary remarks

4.2 History of research

4.3 The events

4.4 Reception of the martyrdom of the mother and her seven sons

Ancient Judaism

5 The Samaritans

5.1 On the history of the Samaritans

5.2 Basic features of Samaritan theology in Antiquity

6 The Temple in Jerusalem, Other Jewish Temples, and Communities without a Temple

6.1 The temple in Jerusalem and other Jewish temples

6.2 Judaism without a temple

The of Qumran

Atonement for the land

Polemic against the »Wicked Priest«: date of the Day of Atonement

Distance from sacrifices among the Essenes

6.3 Guide to a Judaism without a temple—the Pharisees

6.4 The followers of Jesus of Nazareth

7 The synagogue—History and Significance

7.1 The emergence of the synagogue

7.2 The functions of the synagogue

7.3 Synagogues in the Diaspora

Egypt

Rome

Outlook

8 Sacred Writings in Judaism of the Hellenistic-Roman Period

9 The Emergence of the Canon of Biblical Writings in Alexandria and Judea—Concluding Remarks

10 Final Reflections on Judaism and Hellenism

For further reading

Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great

Natalie B. Dohrmann

1 Introduction

2 Herod (37–4 BCE)

3 Herodian Dynasty (4 BCE–66 CE)

4 Flavius Josephus

5 Roman Administration and the Run-up to the War

6 Jewish Identity and Jewish Extremism

7 The Jewish War (66–73 CE)

8 The Interbellum and Bar Kokhbah (73–136 CE)

9 The Legal Status of Jews under Roman Rule

9.1 Jews in the Roman Diaspora

9.2 Diaspora Uprising 115–117 CE

9.3 Jewish Alexandria

9.4 Jews of Rome

10 Pagan Perspectives on Jews and Judaism

11 The Jesus Movement and Early Christianity

12 The Rabbinic Movement

13 Conclusion

For further reading

Primary sources in English Translation

Secondary Reading

The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel

Lee I. Levine

1 Introduction

2 Developments in the History of Palestine in the Late Roman Era (Second and Third Centuries)

3 Within the Byzantine-Christian Orbit

4 Synagogues

4.1 Capernaum

4.2 Ḥammat Tiberias

4.3 Sepphoris

4.4 Ḥuqoq

5 Remains from the Cairo Genizah

6 The Flourishing of Jewish Culture in Late Antiquity

6.1 Burgeoning synagogue Construction

6.2 The Appearance of in Jewish Liturgy

6.3 Aggadic Midrashim: A New Creation

6.4 Jewish Art in Late Antiquity

7 Jewish »Late Antiquity« in its wider Cultural Context

8 Conclusions