Beatrice Galinon-Melenec - The Trace Odyssey 1

1 Cover

2 Title Page Traces Set coordinated by Sylvie Leleu-Merviel Volume 4

3 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: © ISTE Ltd 2020 ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK USA www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Béatrice Galinon-Mélénec to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020948464 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-551-0

4 Acknowledgements

5 Introduction: Establishment of the Roadmap I.1. Preamble I.2. The call of digital society for new forms of traceability I.3. Enthusiasm for the place of the trace in crime series I.4. The investigation, an approach also used in the social sciences I.5. Investigations and indices, two related concepts I.6. Distinguishing between “trace anthropocentrée” and “trace ontologique” I.7. From “trace anthropocentrée” to the signe-trace I.8. Need for agreement on terminology I.9. Objective of The Trace Odyssey: following the trace interpreted as a consequence I.10. Confronting points of view I.11. Social construction in the face of confronting points of view I.12. Axioms underpinning The Trace Odyssey project I.13. The corps-trace at the heart of the relationship between the individual and the “milieu” I.14. Permanent evolution of the corps-trace I.15. Homme-trace, a universal anthropological paradigm I.16. Towards a progressive figuration of the “ecosystem-trace” apparatus I.17. Conclusion: The Trace Odyssey 1, roadmap I.18. Bibliography

6 1 Beyond the Triviality of the Trace1.1. Preamble 1.2. Contact traces 1.3. Humans, readers of traces bearing witness to the passage of animals 1.4. Technology at the service of deferred interpretation 1.5. Techne as a trace of the evolution of “Homme-Trace” 1.6. Trace visibility and invisibility 1.7. Digital application 1.8. Interaction between milieu 37, traces from the body and “corps-trace” 38 1.9. Conclusion: beyond the natural character of the trace 1.10. Bibliography

7 2 Gateway to the Digital World2.1. Preamble 2.2. Role of attention 2.3. Identifying the trace 2.4. Specificity of the digital trace 2.5. Digital universe, a space designed by humans 2.6. Rules of a digital society 2.7. Capta before data 2.8. Transforming capta into data 2.9. Reading data 2.10. Risks associated with uncoupling and interpretation 2.11. Conclusion: mute data and interpretative risks 2.12. Bibliography

8 3 The Lettrure from Yesterday to Today3.1. Preamble 3.2. From reading the heavens to the power of the cartographer 3.3. Key role of the dominants interprétatifs 3.4. Algorithms behind the screen 6 3.5. Humans behind the algorithm 3.6. Individuation of meaning 3.7. Considering writing as a trace of an absence 3.8. Writing at the expense of the lettrure 3.9. Traduttore, traditore 16 3.10. Example of a chaining of conséquences-traces 3.11. Mechanisms of the ecosystem of electronic traces and digital humanities 3.12. Conclusion: role of humans in the cogs of the digital 21ecosystem 3.13. Bibliography

9 4 Understanding Traces with Forensic Science4.1. Preamble 4.2. Self-learning machines and open-source software 4.3. Trace and forensic science 4.4. Role of circumstances in the indexing of meaning 4.5. Trace collection and indexing of meaning 4.6. Collected traces and classification inventory 4.7. Discretization and bias 4.8. Conséquences-traces of the choice of indices 4.9. Embodied semiotics of the investigator 4.10. Intrinsic embodied semiotics of each investigator 4.11. Conclusion: of human beings, technology, and interpretation 4.12. Bibliography

10 5 A Complex Dynamic Process5.1. Preamble 1 5.2. New milestone 5.3. Veiled Real 5.4. Consequences of semiotic choices 5.5. Assumptions related to the term signe-trace 5.6. Difference between each homme-trace 5.7. Relationship with digital space 5.8. Interactions and relationships at the heart of processes 5.9. Conclusion: signes-traces and abductive reasoning 5.10. Bibliography

11 Conclusion: The Ichnos-AnthroposC.1. Preamble C.2. Homme-trace as an anthropological paradigm transversal to the history of hominids C.3. Ichnos-Anthropos on the shoulders of anthropology C.4. Evolution of ecosystems C.5. Contribution of the paradigm to certain artificial intelligence models C.6. Integration of robots into the human living environment C.7. Conclusion: integrating the ethical dimension in choices C.8. Bibliography

12 Glossary

13 References

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 IntroductionFigure I.1. Distinguishing “trace anthropocentrée” from “trace ontologique”. For...Figure I.2. Disagreement on the cause-consequence relationFigure I.3. The human–robot relationship: individualities of a different nature ...Figure I.4. An individualized perception of reality that takes into account many...Figure I.5. Permanent evolution of the corps-traceFigure I.6. The anthropological dimension of the Homme-trace paradigm applicable...Figure I.7. Roadmap for exploring the digital ecosystem (enlarged versions are i...

2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Role of the corps-trace and of context in any punctum. For a color v...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. The human behind the machine (the numbers refer to the processes pre...Figure 2.2. Operating traces of capta 25

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Externalization of thought by means of writingFigure 3.2. The same text, machine translated on May 9 th, 2019Figure 3.3. Synoptic graph showing the chaining of the conséquences-traces assoc...

5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. A human being interacts with a screen. For a color version of this f...Figure 4.2. Successive uncouplings of massive data feeding Big Data. For a color...Figure 4.3. Zoom in on the detail of Figure 4.2. For a color version of this fig...Figure 4.4. The indice is a signe-trace with which a probabilistic interpretatio...

6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Semiosis by C.S. PeirceFigure 5.2. A graph neglecting the complex role of the corps-traceFigure 5.3. Process producing the signification of the Real for each homme-trace...Figure 5.4. The perceived reality (signe-trace and the veiled Real. For a color ...Figure 5.5. Perceived reality/Real frontier. For a color version of this figure,...

7 ConclusionFigure C.1. Emergence of the signe-trace via the corps-trace. For a color versio...Figure C.2. Shannon’s linear model revisited. For a color version of this figure...Figure C.3. Role of human beings in the cogs of the digital ecosystem. For a col...Figure C.4. Lower Paleolthic. Prehistory. Homo Habilis hut (2000 BC) 22. For a co...Figure C.5. Iron Age Early La Tene (frm 400 BC to 200 BC). The “Fond Pernand” ho...Figure C.6. Bakery – Roman era (72 AD) 25. For a color version of this figure, se...Figure C.7. Inability to dissociate the concepts of corps-trace, anthropogenesis...Figure C.8. The integration of human-robot interactions by the human corps-trace...Figure C.9. Human-robot interactions producing conséquences-traces on the corps-...