Rudy Bilous - Handbook of Diabetes

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 Key to the boxes

6 List of abbreviations

7 Part 1: Introduction to diabetes Chapter 1: Introduction to diabetes Chapter 2: History of diabetes Chapter 3: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes Intermediate categories of hyperglycaemia: Pre‐diabetes Classification of diabetes Chapter 4: Public health aspects of diabetes Primary prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Providing access to structured diabetes education Improving diabetes treatment and care Commissioning diabetes services Chapter 5: Normal physiology of insulin secretion and action, and the incretin effect Islet structure and function Insulin synthesis and insulin polypeptide structure Insulin secretion The incretin effect Insulin receptor signalling The family of GLUT transporters Chapter 6: Epidemiology and aetiology of type 1 diabetes Introduction Epidemiology Aetiology Genetics Environmental and maternal factors Viruses Apoptosis Dietary factors Toxins Animal models Hygiene hypothesis Accelerator hypothesis Chapter 7: Epidemiology and aetiology of type 2 diabetes Prevalence rates and global burden Urban versus rural Impaired glucose tolerance Incidence Risk factors for type 2 diabetes Conclusion Chapter 8: Other types of diabetes Introduction Monogenic Diabetes and association with other Inherited Conditions Other monogenic causes Pancreatic disease Diabetes complicating other endocrine diseases Medication associated diabetes

8 Part 2: Metabolic control and complications Chapter 9: Diabetes control and its measurement Introduction Capillary blood glucose monitoring Urine glucose monitoring Glycated haemoglobin IFCC standard Estimated average glucose (eAG) Glucose variability Fructosamine Urine and blood ketone measurements Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems Chapter 10: Management of type 1 diabetes Insulin replacement Intensive insulin therapy Diet and Carbohydrate counting Glycaemic targets Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion Chapter 11: Management of type 2 diabetes Chapter 12: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and lactic acidosis Precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis Pathophysiology Treatment Complications of diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state Lactic acidosis Chapter 13: Hypoglycaemia Chapter 14: Causes of complications Hyperglycaemia Blood pressure Metabolic memory How does hyperglycaemia cause tissue complications? Chapter 15: Diabetic eye disease Pathology and clinical appearances Factors associated with the development of retinopathy Classification of retinopathy Treatment of retinopathy Surveillance and screening Chapter 16: Diabetic nephropathy Natural history Stages of nephropathy Epidemiology Screening for nephropathy Pathology and pathophysiology Risk factors for nephropathy Management Is it diabetic nephropathy? Chapter 17: Diabetic neuropathy Chronic sensorimotor neuropathy Chapter 18: Blood lipid abnormalities Chapter 19: Hypertension in diabetes Causative links Definition of hypertension and targets Diagnosis of hypertension Management Chapter 20: Macrovascular disease in diabetesAtherosclerosis Glycaemic vascular injury Chapter 21: Foot problems in diabetes Chapter 22: Sexual problems in diabetes Chapter 23: Gastrointestinal problems in diabetes Symptoms Oesophagus Gastroparesis Small bowel Large bowel Abdominal pain Gut microbiota Chapter 24: Non‐alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)Introduction Definition Risk factors for NAFLD NAFLD and diabetes Screening Management Thiazolidinediones Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogs and DPP‐4 inhibitors Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors Vitamin E Bariatric surgery Statins Chapter 25: Diabetes and cancer Introduction Epidemiology Possible biological mechanisms Effect of diabetes on cancer mortality and treatment Effects of cancer therapy on diabetes Effects of diabetes therapies on cancer incidence and progression Chapter 26: Skin and connective tissue disorders in diabetes Diabetic dermopathy Necrobioisis lipoidica diabetocorum Acanthosis nigricans Diabetic bullae Granuloma annulare Skin thickening, waxy skin, and stiff joints Other skin conditions Chapter 27: Psychological and psychiatric problems in diabetes Depression and anxiety Diabetes distress Cognitive changes Severe Mental Illness Published guidance.

9 Part 3: The spectrum and organisation of diabetes care Chapter 28: Intercurrent situations that affect diabetes control Exercise Drugs Infections Enteral feeding Surgery and critical intercurrent illness Chapter 29: Pregnancy and diabetes Effects of pregnancy on the woman with diabetes Effects of maternal diabetes on the pregnancy Management of pregnancy in diabetes Gestational diabetes Contraception Chapter 30: Diabetes in childhood and adolescence Chapter 31: Diabetes in old age Chapter 32: Diabetes and lifestyle Introduction Smoking Alcohol Drug and substance abuse Driving Employment Travel and leisure activities. Chapter 33: Organisation of diabetes care: integrating diabetes service What is integrated diabetes care? What are the essential components to an integrated diabetes service? Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic: lessons on organizing diabetes care Chapter 34: Transplantation and stem cell therapy Pancreas transplantation Islet cell transplantation Xenotransplantation Stem cell therapy Gene therapy

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Diagnostic criteria for Type 2 diabetes. Table 3.2 Use of HbA1c >6.5% (48 mmol/mol) as a cut‐off for making the diagnosis... Table 3.3 Historically, HbA1c has been reported in percentage values describi...

2 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Criteria that define structured patient education in the NICE guida... Table 4.2 Transformation Funding in the UK in 2017 is targeting 4 key areas t... Table 4.3 Top Tips For Commissioning Diabetes Services.

3 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Highest global rates of incidence per annum of type 1 diabetes in c... Table 6.2 Main non‐ HLA polymorphisms that have been used in predictive model... Table 6.3 Associated foetal, maternal, dietary and environmental factors with...

4 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Definition of metabolic syndrome.

5 Chapter 8 Table 8.1 Different genetic aetiologies of main types of MODY.

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Available measures of glycaemic control and their main clinical use...Table 9.2 Guide to values of HbA1c (IFCC) and DCCT (NGSP) standardised assay.Table 9.3 Estimated average blood glucose concentration derived from HbA1c re...

7 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Insulin preparations and their costs in the UK based upon the Brit...Table 10.2 Pharmacological properties of the available intermediate and long‐...Table 10.3 Glycaemic targets from NICE (National Institute of Health Care Exc...Table 10.4 Incidence of reported ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia over 3...Table 10.5 Achieved HbA1c on Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) or Continuous Su...

8 Chapter 12Table 12.1 UK and US Diagnostic criteria for DKA and HHS.Table 12.2 Precipitating causes of DKA.Table 12.3 Water and electrolyte deficiencies in DKA and HHS.Table 12.4 Causes of lactic acidosis.

9 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Factors that precipitate or predispose to hypoglycaemia in patient...

10 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Main features of the ACCORD (Action to Control CardiOvascular Risk...

11 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Definition of diabetic nephropathy by albuminuria and test specime...Table 16.2 Stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their mapping to histor...

12 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Treatments for symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy pain‐dosing and...

13 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Comparison of guidelines for diagnostic thresholds and treatment t...Table 19.2 Stages of hypertension.Table 19.3 Lifestyle changes and the magnitude of reported reduction in blood...Table 19.4 RAS‐blocking agents.Table 19.5 Calcium channel‐blocking agents.Table 19.6 Diuretics.Table 19.7 β‐Blockers.