Martinez J. Hewlett - Basic Virology

The organization of the book has been retained from the third edition, with 25 chapters divided into five parts, including the Case Studies, updated as necessary. We have tried to avoid textbook size creep by making judicious editorial choices. Figures have been changed as needed to reflect new information, with the addition of new graphics where necessary to complete new or expanded coverage.

We hope that you find this version of our work both useful and relevant in your teaching of our favorite topic . . . virology!

David Camerini, Martinez “Marty” Hewlett, and Dave Bloom: Michael's Kitchen and Bakery, Taos, New Mexico, March 2017.

Even the most basic text cannot be solely the work of its author or authors; this is especially true for this one. We are extremely grateful to a large number of colleagues, students, and friends. They provided critical reading, essential information, experimental data, and figures, as well as other important help for all four of the editions of Basic Virology . This group includes the following scholars from other research centers: Wah Chiu, Stanford University; J. Brown, University of Virginia; J. B. Flannegan and R. Condit, University of Florida; J. Conway, National Institutes of Health; K. Fish and J. Nelson, Oregon Health Sciences University; D. W. Gibson, Johns Hopkins University; P. Ghazal, University of Edinburgh; H. Granzow, Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut, Insel Riems; C. Grose, University of Iowa; J. Hill, Louisiana State University Eye Center–New Orleans; S. Karst, University of Florida; J. Langland, Arizona State University; D. Leib, Dartmouth College; F. Murphy, University of California, Davis; S. Rabkin, Harvard University; S. Rice, University of Alberta–Edmonton; S. Silverstein, Columbia University; B. Sugden, University of Wisconsin; Gail Wertz, University of Alabama–Birmingham; and J. G. Stevens, University of California, Los Angeles. Colleagues at the University of California, Irvine who provided aid include R. Davis, S. Larson, A. McPherson, T. Osborne, R. Sandri‐Goldin, D. Senear, B. Semler, S. Stewart, W. E. Robinson, I. Ruf, and L. Villarreal. Both current and former workers in Edward Wagner’s laboratory did many experiments that aided in a number of illustrations; these people include J. S. Aguilar, K. Anderson, R. Costa, G. B. Devi‐Rao, R. Frink, S. Goodart, J. Guzowski, L. E. Holland, P. Lieu, N. Pande, M. Petroski, M. Rice, J. Singh, J. Stringer, and Y.‐F. Zhang. Colleagues of David Camerini that did experiments and helped make figures used in the fourth edition are Joseph J. Campo, Shailesh K. Choudhary, Arlo Randall, and Robert M. Scoggins.

We were aided in the writing of the second edition by comments from Robert Nevins (Milsap College), Sofie Foley (Napier University), David Glick (King’s College), and David Fulford (Edinboro University of Pennsylvania).

We want to remember the many people who contributed to the physical process of putting the first edition of this book together. R. Spaete of the Aviron Corp carefully read every page of the manuscript and suggested many important minor and a couple of major changes. This was done purely in the spirit of friendship and collegiality. K. Christensen used her considerable expertise and incredible skill in working with us to generate the art. Not only did she do the drawings, but also she researched many of them to help provide missing details. Two undergraduates were invaluable to us. A. Azarian at University of California, Irvine made many useful suggestions on reading the manuscript from a student’s perspective, and D. Natan, an MIT student who spent a summer in Edward Wagner’s laboratory, did most of the Internet site searching, which was a great relief and time saver. Finally, J. Wagner carried out the very difficult task of copyediting the manuscript.

From the beginning, a number of people at Blackwell Science represented by Publisher N. Hill‐Whilton demonstrated a commitment to a quality product. We especially thank Nathan Brown, Cee Brandson, and Rosie Hayden, who made great efforts to maintain effective communications and to expedite many of the very tedious aspects of this project. Blackwell Science directly contacted a number of virologists who also read and suggested useful modifications to this manuscript: Michael R. Roner, University of Texas, Arlington; Lloyd Turtinen, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire; and Paul Wanda, Southern Illinois University.

All of these colleagues and friends represent the background of assistance we have received, leading to the preparation of this fourth edition. We would especially like to acknowledge Dr. Luis Villarreal and the Center for Virus Research at the University of California, Irvine for supporting our efforts in bringing this book to a timely completion.

Introduction – The Impact of Viruses on Our View of LifeThe Science of Virology

An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral PathogenesisVirus ReplicationPathogenesis of Viral Infection

Virus Disease in Populations and Individual AnimalsThe Nature of Virus ReservoirsViruses in PopulationsAnimal Models to Study Viral Pathogenesis

Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of HumansThe Dynamics of HUMAN–VIRUS InteractionsPatterns of Specific Viral Diseases of HumansSome Viral Infections Targeting Specific Organ Systems

Problems for Part I

Additional Reading for Part I

THE SCIENCE OF VIROLOGY

The effect of virus infections on the host organism and populations – viral pathogenesis, virulence, and epidemiology

The interaction between viruses and their hosts

The history of virology

Examples of the impact of viral disease on human history

Examples of the evolutionary impact of the virus–host interaction

The origin of viruses

Viruses have a constructive as well as destructive impact on society

Viruses are not the smallest self‐replicating pathogens

QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1

The study of viruses has historically provided and continues to provide the basis for much of our most fundamental understanding of modern biology, genetics, and medicine. Virology has had an impact on the study of biological macromolecules, processes of cellular gene expression, mechanisms for generating genetic diversity, processes involved in the control of cell growth and development, aspects of molecular evolution, the mechanism of disease and response of the host to it, and the spread of disease in populations.

In essence, viruses are collections of genetic information directed toward one end: their own replication. They are the ultimate and prototypical example of “selfish genes.” The viral genome contains the “blueprints” for virus replication enciphered in the genetic code, and must be decoded by the molecular machinery of the cell that it infects to gain this end. Viruses are thus obligate intracellular parasites dependent on the metabolic and genetic functions of living cells.

Given the essential simplicity of virus organization – a genome containing genes dedicated to self‐replication surrounded by a protective protein shell – it has been argued that viruses are nonliving collections of biochemicals whose functions are derivative and separable from the cell. Yet this generalization does not stand up to the increasingly detailed information accumulating describing the nature of viral genes, the role of viral infections in evolutionary change, and the evolution of cellular function. A view of viruses as constituting a major subdivision of the biosphere, as ancient as and fully interactive and integrated with the three great branches of cellular life, becomes more strongly established with each investigational advance.