Aws Alani - Dental Trauma at a Glance

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Foreword

6 Preface

7 About the companion website

8 1 Risk factors for dental trauma Introduction Oral predisposing factors Unintentional traumatic dental injuries Socioeconomic factors Human behaviour Learning difficulties or physical limitations Intentional traumatic dental injuries Iatrogenic injuries Road traffic accidents

9 2 Prevention of dental trauma Introduction Mouth guards Helmet Seat belts Overjet reduction Past experience

10 3 Essential armamentarium Introduction Team approach Equipment for diagnosis Equipment for repositioning teeth Equipment for tooth stabilisation Equipment for tooth restoration Equipment for pulp management Equipment for endodontic treatment Equipment for review and splint removal

11 4 Examination of dental trauma Introduction Questions to ask Clinical examination Clinical tests Pulp testing Radiographic examination Photographs Signs and symptoms that warrant a referral to a maxillofacial unit

12 5 Infraction Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis

13 6 Enamel fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Follow‐up Prognosis

14 7 Enamel–dentine fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Follow‐up Prognosis

15 8 Enamel–dentine–pulp fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis

16 9 Crown–root fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Emergency management Definitive treatment options Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

17 10 Crown–root fracture with pulp involvement Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Emergency management Follow‐up Definitive treatment options Prognosis at one year

18 11 Root fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

19 12 Alveolar process fracture Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Complications Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

20 13 Concussion Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

21 14 Subluxation Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

22 15 Extrusive luxation Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Future management Prognosis at one year

23 16 Intrusive luxation Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Follow‐up Future management Prognosis at one year

24 17 Lateral luxation Definition Aetiology Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis at one year

25 18 Features of luxation injuries and principles of repositioning Features of a luxation injury Crushing injuries Separation injuries Management Repositioning Sequalae

26 19 Avulsion of a tooth with a closed apex Definition Aetiology Implications Emergency advice for patients Clinical examination Radiographic findings Management options Post‐operative care Follow up Prognosis at one year with extra alveolar dry time less than 60 minutes

27 20 Principles of splinting Indications for splinting Contraindications Ideal properties of a flexible splint Alternatives Complications of splinting Step‐by‐step guide to splinting

28 21 Post‐operative instructions Pain relief Swelling Soft diet Oral hygiene Lip balm Antibiotics Tetanus Splint loosening Prevention Follow up

29 22 Follow‐up and splint removal Follow‐up Clinical examination Pulp testing Radiographic examination Splint removal Pulp healing Periodontal healing Alveolar healing

30 23 Indications for endodontic treatment Definition Symptoms Clinical examination Special tests Radiographs Reaching a diagnosis Special considerations

31 24 Sclerosis Definition Aetiology Prevalence Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Prognosis

32 25 Discolouration Definition Aetiology Intrinsic Extrinsic Implications

33 26 Management of the immature root Acute management Delayed management Clinical examination Radiographic examination Establishment of the working length Preparation of the open apex Canal dressing Obturation

34 27 Root resorption – external replacement Definition Aetiology Prevalence Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management Follow‐up Prognosis

35 28 Root resorption – external cervical Definition Aetiology Prevalence Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Follow up Prognosis

36 29 Root resorption – internal inflammatory Definition Aetiology Prevalence Clinical examination Pulp test findings Radiographic findings Implications Management options Follow up Prognosis

37 30 Tooth replacement options Space closure Factors to consider for a removable prosthesis Factors to consider for resin bonded bridge provision Factors to consider for implant placement Ongoing maintenance

38 31 Autotransplantation Definition Indication Benefits Multidisciplinary team approach Assessment Predictive factors Unfavourable outcomes Maintenance of the autotransplanted tooth

39 32 The role of orthodontics Immediate post dental trauma Definitive treatment options Risks associated with orthodontics

40 Appendix A: Splinting times and follow up intervals for fracture and displacement injuries in the adult dentition

41 Appendix B: Management of dental trauma in the primary dentition

42 References

43 Index

44 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Demonstration of a 6mm overjet. Figure 1.2 Lower lip trapped behind the maxillary incisor. Figure 1.3 A heavily restored dentition following dental trauma with numerou... Figure 1.4 Dental trauma caused by sporting activities, in this case boxing.... Figure 1.5 Dental trauma caused by a road traffic accident presenting 2 year...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 An example of a ‘boil in the bag’ mouth guard. Figure 2.2 A correctly extended maxillary mouth guard covering the teeth and... Figure 2.3 An incorrectly extended maxillary mouth guard not covering the so... Figure 2.4 Helmets for bike travel can reduce injury severity. Figure 2.5 Orthodontics reducing an increased overjet.

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Radiograph (phosphor plates) sizes for dental trauma. Figure 3.2 Basic equipment for repositioning and splinting traumatised teeth... Figure 3.3 Extended range of dental equipment for splinting and endodontics.... Figure 3.4 Pulp testing equipment. (a) Electric pulp test (b) Cold test. Figure 3.5 Tungsten carbide bur for removing composite during splint removal...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Extra oral examination noting (a) bilateral swelling and bruising... Figure 4.2 (a) Soft tissue trauma of the upper lip and palate (b) exposed bo... Figure 4.3 Palpation over the apex of the intruded lateral incisor would ide... Figure 4.4 Palatally displaced maxillary incisors resulting in open bite on ... Figure 4.5 (a) Periapical radiograph of the maxillary left central incisor s...