Wilson J. Wall - Investigating Fossils

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Acknowledgements

5 People in the Text

6 Introduction References

7 1 How are Fossils Formed? References

8 2 Descriptions and Uses of Fossils References

9 3 The Unfolding Understanding of Fossils References

10 4 Reconstructing Animals from Fossils References

11 5 How Fossils Changed Ideas Associated with Species References

12 6 Fossils and Evolution References

13 7 Fossil Collecting References

14 8 The Rise of Fossil Fraud and Special Sites References

15 Index

16 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Smilodon fatalis (californicus) skull from La Brea Asphalt, Upper...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Frontispiece of De Rerum fossilium by Conrad Gesner (1565). The t...Figure 2.2 Frontispiece of Geographica by Strabo. This edition is in Latin a...Figure 2.3 A reconstructed image of the world map of Anaximander (611–547 BC...Figure 2.4 The skull of a small species of extinct elephant, the Pleistocene...Figure 2.5 Skull of an American species of Triceratops in the Birmingham Thi...Figure 2.6 Triceratops prorsus, illustrated with a man for scale.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 A portrait of Conrad Gesner (1516–1565) by Tobias Stimmer of abou...Figure 3.2 In 1558, Gesner published Historiae Animalium Liber iv Qui est de...Figure 3.3 The first illustration of a dinosaur bone, from The Natural Histo...Figure 3.4 Centre top, Plot's Asteriae or starry stones, later recognised as...Figure 3.5 Rubble stone, coral concretions, that Plot describes as ‘dug only...Figure 3.6 Pseudomelania heddingtoniensis, named after the original site of ...Figure 3.7 Clypeus ploti , named in favour of Robert Plot after the original ...Figure 3.8 The stone referred to by Plot as Hippocephaloides, resembling the...Figure 3.9 Benoit de Maillet (1656–1738) depicted in about 1735 in armour as...Figure 3.10 Title page of A Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bod...Figure 3.11 The association between glossopterae and shark teeth as shown by...Figure 3.12 Title page of Vestiges of Natural History of Creation by Robert ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The title page of De Rerum fossilium, Lapidum et Gemmarum maxime , ...Figure 4.2 The Great Wave by Hokusai, this is one of the most highly reprodu ...Figure 4.3 (a) The original illustration by Albrecht Dürer of an Indian rhin ...Figure 4.4 The slab of rock containing the fossilised skeleton described by ...Figure 4.5 The copy of Homo Diluvii Testis published by Louis Bourguet in 17 ...Figure 4.6 An illustration of the Quedlinburg Unicorn, the animal skeleton a ...Figure 4.7 Portrait of Georges‐Louis Leclerc, le Comte de Buffon (1707–1788) ...Figure 4.8 Title page of Systema Naturae from the tenth edition of 1758, the ...Figure 4.9 Cuviers's comparison of skulls of living sloths with Megather...Figure 4.10 (a) Megatherium, as illustrated in 1892 by J. Smit in Extinct Mo...Figure 4.11 Portrait of Mary Anning with her dog Tray. In the background are ...Figure 4.12 An Ichthyosaur fossil excavated by Mary Anning and still on disp ...Figure 4.13 Duria Antiquior or A More Ancient Dorset, painted by Henry de la ...Figure 4.14 The tended grave of Mary Anning and her brother, Joseph in St Mi ...Figure 4.15 (a) La Terre avant le deluge ( 1863 ) by Louis Figuier. The spouti ...Figure 4.16 From Buffalo Land by William Webb, illustration by Henry Worrall ...Figure 4.17 La terre avant le deluge, Iguanodon and megalosaurus in mortal c ...Figure 4.18 (a) The outdated wallaby model of Iguanodon where the stance was ...Figure 4.19 The illustration of the St Petersburg Mammoth with remnant skin ...Figure 4.20 Dryptosaurus ( formerly Lealaps) in tripod stance, with a short‐n ...Figure 4.21 Elasmosaurus with the head attached to the wrong end of the skel ...Figure 4.22 Illustration of Pterodactyls as marsupial bats by E. Newman (184...Figure 4.23 A large model of a dinosaur with colouration that is an unlikely ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The painting of the school of Athens by Raphael Santi (1483–1520) ...Figure 5.2 The frontispiece of The Wisdom of God Manifest in the Works of Cr...Figure 5.3 The title page of Philosophie Zoologique by J. B. Lamarck. This s ...Figure 5.4 Alfred Russel Wallace, taken about 1895.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 This edition of Philosophie Zoologique was published in 1850 and ...Figure 6.2 The illustration of the St Petersburg Mammoth, from The World Bef...Figure 6.3 The temporal phylogenetic tree introduced by Haeckel. He used it ...Figure 6.4 (a) The British Museum Archaeopteryx from Bavaria . (b) An illustr ...Figure 6.5 Evolution of the foot of modern horses as described by Marsh (187...Figure 6.6 The Pedigree of Man, as illustrated by Haeckel in The Evolution o...Figure 6.7 The tree of life as it appears in the end papers of The Miracle o...Figure 6.8 Frontispiece that originally appeared in Man's Place in Nature (H...Figure 6.9 Two pastiche images of Early Man (Rudolph Zallinger 1965). Both o ...Figure 6.10 A vignette representing animals of a bygone era from Figuier (18...Figure 6.11 The major components of the original finds of Pithecanthropus, d ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Frontispiece of Observations Topographical Moral and Physiologica ...Figure 7.2 The frontispiece of Three Physico‐theological Discourses , p ...Figure 7.3 Frontispiece of Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence an...Figure 7.4 A thirteenth century depiction of the Tree of Jesse from the Sche ...Figure 7.5 The pedigree of apes, as depicted by Haeckel (1897). By putting M...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The Republic of Sakha, marked on this map of 1942 as Yakutsk, a c ...Figure 8.2 The fossil Ichthyosaur originally discovered in 1811 by Mary Anni ...Figure 8.3 (a and b) Two examples of carvings used to fool Beringer, as depi ...Figure 8.4 Model Ichthyosaurus from Crystal Palace, London. Originally commi ...Figure 8.5 Illustration of two species of Ichthyosaur from Extinct Monsters,...Figure 8.6 Illustration from the Appendix V. of Extinct Monsters, ( Hutchinso...Figure 8.7 The illustrated reconstruction of the skull of Piltdown man. This ...

1 Introduction

2 Cover Page

3 Title Page

4 Copyright Page

5 Acknowledgements

6 People in the Text

7 Table of Contents

8 Begin Reading

9 Index

10 Wiley End User License Agreement

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