Jeisson Arley Cárdenas Rubio - A Web-Based Approach to Measure Skill Mismatches and Skills Profiles for a Developing Country:

Figure 7.2 Ratio of job placements to EAP by departments, 2016-2017

Figure 7.3. Job placements by minimum educational requirements

Figure 7.4. Word cloud: Most frequent job titles by job portals

Figure 7.5. Distribution of job placements by major occupational ISCO-08 groups

Figure 7.6. Job placements by experience requirements

Figure 7.7. Trends of the labour demand by major occupational ISCO-08 groups

Figure 7.8. Trends of the most demanded occupations at a four-digit level

Figure 7.9. Occupations at a four-digit level with a positive trend

Figure 7.10. Occupations at a four-digit level with a negative trend

Figure 7.11. Wage density

Figure 7.12. Jobs by type of contract

Figure 7.13. Duration density (monthly)

Figure 8.1. Education and wages (Colombian pesos)

Figure 8.2. Occupations and wages (Colombian pesos)

Figure 8.3. Years of experience and wages

Figure 8.4. Job placements and employment distribution by occupational groups (ISCO-08)

Figure 8.5. Wage distributions

Figure 8.6. Time series: Total employment and job placements, 2016-2018

Figure 8.7. Time series: Total unemployment and job placements, 2016-2018

Figure 8.8. Time series: New hires and job placements, 2016-2018

Figure 9.1. Occupational distribution of the Colombian workforce by skill level

Figure 9.2. Unemployment and informality rates and duration of unemployment by skill level

Figure 9.3. Average wages of formal and informal workers by skill level

Figure 9.4. Labour market composition of Colombian workers by skill level, 2010-2018

Figure 9.5. Employment growth by skill level, 2011-2018

Figure 9.6. Evolution of the unemployment rate by skill level, 2015-2018

Figure 9.7. Evolution of the informality rate by skill level, 2010-2018

Figure 9.8. Beveridge curve by (major) occupational groups

Figure 9.9. Percentage change in unemployed individuals by sought occupation

Figure 9.10. Percentage change in formal employment by occupation

Figure 9.11. Percentage change in new hires by occupation

Figure 9.12. Percentage change in hours worked for formal employees by occupation

Figure 9.13. Percentage change in job placements by occupation

Figure 9.14. Percentage change in mean real hourly wage for formal employees by occupation

Figure 9.15. Occupational hourly pay premia

Figure 9.16. Occupational pay premia within job placements

Figure 9.17. Number of occupations according to the percentage of indicators that suggest skill shortages

Figure A.1. Job portal comparison

Figure A.2. Job advertisement comparison within the same job portal

Figure A.3. Code comparison between job portals

Figure A.4. HTML code structure

Figure C.1. Fuzzy merge: The classification of companies

Figure E.1. SVM classification with job titles

List of Tables

Table 3.1. Characteristics of the Colombian workforce

Table 4.1. OECD quality framework and guidelines

Table 4.2. Possible sources that affect the quality of information from job portals

Table 4.3. Advantages and disadvantages of data sources for the analysis of labour demand

Table 4.4. The main differences between the Cedefop and the Colombian vacancy projects

Table 5.1. Average number of job advertisements and traffic ranking for selective Colombian job portals

Table 5.2. Job advertisement structure comparison within the same job portal

Table 5.3. Evaluation of job portals

Table 5.4. Job portals and their main characteristics

Table 6.1. Job description

Table 6.2. Basic data structure

Table 7.1. Total number of vacancies and job positions

Table 7.2. Top 20 most demanded occupations in Colombia

Table 7.3. Distribution of job placements by high-, middle-, and low-skilled occupations

Table 7.4. New job titles

Table 7.5. Top 20 most demanded skills in Colombia

Table 7.6. Skill groups demanded in Colombia

Table 7.7. Twenty new or specific skills demanded in Colombia

Table 7.8. Job placements by sector

Table 7.9. Yearly distribution of vacancies and job positions

Table 8.1. Occupational structure by education

Table 8.2. Top 10 occupational labour skills in demand by sector

Table 8.3. Top 10 occupational skill categories

Table 8.4. Monthly distribution of new hires, 2016-2018

Table 9.1. Occupational distribution of Colombian workers

Table 9.2. Occupational distribution of jobs sought by unemployed people in Colombia

Table 9.3. Occupations with higher informality rates

Table 9.4. Occupations with lower informality rates

Table 9.5. Occupations with higher unemployment rates

Table 9.6. Occupations with lower unemployment rates

Table 9.7. Skill mismatch indicators

Table 9.8. Skill shortage indicators and thresholds

Table 9.9. Occupations in skill mismatch

Table 9.10. Most demanded skills for occupations in skill mismatch

Table 9.11. Skills with a positive trend for “Web and multimedia developers”

Table 10.1. OECD quality framework and vacancy data

Table B.1. Example of the content of a scraped database

Table D.1. N-grams based on job titles

Table G.1. Vector representation, example one

Table G.2. Vector representation, example two

Table G.3. Nearest neighbour algorithm (Gweon et al. 2017)

Table G.4. Limitation of the nearest neighbour algorithm

Table G.5. An extension of the nearest neighbour algorithm (Part 1)

Table G.6. An extension of the nearest neighbour algorithm (Part 2)

Table G.7. Comparison between the analysed classification methods

Table H.1. Occupations demanded in Colombia

Table H.2. Occupational distribution of Colombian workers

Table H.3. Occupational distribution of the unemployed in Colombia

Table H.4. Informality rate by occupation

Table H.5. Unemployment rate by occupation

Table H.6. Occupations with positive employment growth, 2010-2018

Table H.7. Occupations with positive real wage trend, 2010-2018

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AM Metropolitan Areas (for its acronym in Spanish)

API Application Program Interface

APL A Programming Language

ASP Active Server Pages

BBVA Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria

BPM Business Process Management

CASCOT Computer Assisted Structured Coding Tool

CE Cambridge Econometrics

CEDEFOP European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (for its acronym in Spanish)

CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe

CERES Regional Centres of Higher Education (for its acronym in Spanish)

CNC Computer Numerical Control

CONPES Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social

CSS Cascading Style Sheet

CVTS Continuing Vocational Training Survey

DANE Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística

DEEWR Australian Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations

DfE Department for Education

DG Directorate-General

EAP Economically Active Population

EB Exabyte

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

EEA European Economic Area

EFCH Encuesta de productividad y formación de capital humano

ESCO European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations