David Shambaugh: China's Leaders

1 Cover

2 Series Page Previous Books by David Shambaugh Where Great Powers Meet: America & China in Southeast Asia (2021) China & the World (edited, 2020) The China Reader: Rising Power (edited, 2016) China’s Future (2016) International Relations of Asia (co-edited, 2008 and 2014) China Goes Global: The Partial Power (2013) Tangled Titans: The United States and China (edited, 2012) Charting China’s Future: Domestic & International Challenges (edited, 2011) China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation (2008) China–Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies, and Prospects (co-edited, 2008) China Watching: Perspectives from Europe, Japan, and the United States (co-edited, 2007) Power Shift: China & Asia’s New Dynamics (edited, 2005) The Odyssey of China’s Imperial Art Treasures (co-authored, 2005) Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects (2002) Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations (co-edited, 2001) The Modern Chinese State (edited, 2000) Is China Unstable? (edited, 2000) The China Reader: The Reform Era (co-edited, 1999) China’s Military Faces the Future (co-edited, 1999) Contemporary Taiwan (edited, 1998) China’s Military in Transition (co-edited, 1997) China and Europe: 1949–1995 (1996) Greater China: The Next Superpower? (edited, 1995) Deng Xiaoping: Portrait of a Chinese Statesman (edited, 1995) Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory & Practice (co-edited, 1994) American Studies of Contemporary China (edited, 1993) Beautiful Imperialist: China Perceives America, 1972–1990 (1991) The Making of a Premier: Zhao Ziyang’s Provincial Career (1984)

3 Title Page CHINA’S LEADERS From Mao to Now DAVID SHAMBAUGH polity

4 Copyright Copyright © David Shambaugh 2021 The right of David Shambaugh to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2021 by Polity Press Internal silhouettes designed by Steve Leard Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 101 Station Landing Suite 300 Medford, MA 02155, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4652-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Shambaugh, David L., author. Title: China’s leaders : from Mao to now / David Shambaugh. Description: Cambridge ; Medford, MA : Polity, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “A world-renowned Sinologist explores China’s modern history through the lives of its leaders”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021008012 (print) | LCCN 2021008013 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509546510 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509546527 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Zhongguo gong chan dang. Zhong yang wei yuan hui--Biography. | Heads of state--China--Biography. | Statesmen--China--Biography. | China--Politics and government--1949- | China--History--1949- Classification: LCC DS734 .S43 2021 (print) | LCC DS734 (ebook) | DDC 951.05092/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008012 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008013 The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

5 Dedication Dedication Dedicated Admiringly to the Memory of Roderick MacFarquhar The Doyen of Chinese Leadership Studies

6 Preface and Acknowledgments Notes

7 1. On China’s Leaders and Leadership Perspectives on Leadership The Influences of Chinese Political Culture The Influences of Chinese Leninist Culture Notes

8 2. Mao Zedong: Populist Tyrant Mao’s Inheritance and Immediate Challenges Building the Nation, 1953–1957 Leaping Forward, Backward, and Forward Again: 1958–1965 The “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” and the End of the Maoist Era, 1966–1976 Notes

9 3. Deng Xiaoping: Pragmatic Leninist Deng’s Comeback and Power Play What Did Deng Inherit? Implementing Reforms Deng Xiaoping’s Stain: Tiananmen Deng’s Last Stand Notes

10 4. Jiang Zemin: Bureaucratic Politician Jiang Zemin’s Past as Prologue to the Future Reforming the Party Jiang Zemin and the Military Jiang Zemin and the Economy Jiang Zemin and China’s Foreign Policy The End of Jiang Zemin’s Rule and Transition to Hu Jintao Notes

11 5. Hu Jintao: Technocratic Apparatchik Hu Jintao’s Life and Career Path Hu Jintao’s Decade in Waiting Hu’s Inheritance Hu Jintao’s Major Policy Initiatives Reflections on Hu Jintao’s Rule Notes

12 6. Xi Jinping: Modern Emperor Xi Jinping’s Rise to Power Dismantling Dengism Navigating the Middle Income Trap Revamped Repression Xi Jinping on Balance Notes

13 7. China’s Leaders in Contrast Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping Notes

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Series Page

4 Title Page

5 Copyright

6 Dedication

7 Preface and Acknowledgments

8 Begin Reading

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Box 2.1Chinese Political Names

2 Chapter 6 Box 6.1Xi Jinping and Bo Xilai Box 6.2CCP Central Committee Document No. 9 (2013)

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1Mao Zedong (1893–1976) Figure 2.2Mao Zedong Proclaiming Founding of People’s Republic of China, October 1, 1949 Figure 2.3Mao and Stalin in Moscow, December 1949 Figure 2.4GDP Growth During First Five-Year Plan Figure 2.5Great Leap Forward (1958–1960) Rural Steel Furnace Movement Figure 2.6Cultural Revolution Propaganda Poster Figure 2.7Red Guards Denouncing “Counterrevolutionary Revisionist Element” During the Cultural... Figure 2.8Chairman Mao Anoints Hua Guofeng as His Successor Figure 2.9Mao Zedong Lying in State, September 1976

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997) Figure 3.2Deng Xiaoping in Montargis, France, 1920 Figure 3.3Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, 1959 Figure 3.4Deng Xiaoping and Hua Guofeng, 1979 Figure 3.5Hu Yaobang (1915–1989) Figure 3.6Zhao Ziyang (1919–2005) Figure 3.7Deng Xiaoping Addresses United Nations, 1974 Figure 3.8Trial of the “Gang of Four,” 1981 Figure 3.9Growth of Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs), 1978–2008 Figure 3.10Average Annual Growth by Sector, 1980–1985 Figure 3.11Restructuring of SOEs and Their Employment Impact Figure 3.12Deng Xiaoping Dons Ten-Gallon Cowboy Hat During State Visit to the United States in Recognition... Figure 3.13Tanks in Tiananmen Square, June 5, 1989