Craig A. Roberts - Fescue Toxicosis and Management

1 Cover

2 Copyright Copyright © 2018 by American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the individual Editors and Authors. These views do not necessarily reflect endorsement by the Publisher(s). In addition, trade names are sometimes mentioned in this publication. No endorsement of these products by the Publisher(s) is intended, nor is any criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801 USA ASA and CSSA gratefully acknowledge Plant Management Network for permission to reprint this content. ISBN: 978-0-89118-630-4 doi: 10.2135/2018.fescuetoxicosis Cover: Photo shows calves from a field that contained 99% toxic endophyte (courtesy of Craig Roberts). Inset shows scanning electron micrograph of the tall fescue endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (courtesy of Nick Hill; photo by Jo-Jong Ju). Printed in the United States of America.

3 Title Page

4 Tall fescue

5 About the Societies

6 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Fig. 1. A stand of tall fescue 18-inches high (A) with closeup view of its seedh... Fig. 2. The tall fescue endophyte ( Epichloë coenophialum) in the tiller (A) and ... Fig. 3. Tall fescue toxins can restrict blood flow to the extremities, as seen i... Fig. 4. Steers near Mount Vernon, MO suffering from tall fescue toxicosis during... Fig. 5. Fat necrosis in the abdominal cavity of a beef cow. Note that fat masses... Fig. 6. Effect of toxic tall fescue on reproduction in beef animals in Kentucky ... Fig. 7. (right) Thickened placenta in horses caused by grazing toxic tall fescu... Fig. 8. (left) A retained placenta in a horse that grazed toxic tall fescue. (Ph... Fig. 9. Dystocia, or birthing difficulty, caused by toxic tall fescue. Equines a... Fig. 10. Feedlot performance (lb per animal) of beef cattle after grazing three ... Fig. 11. Heifers in feedlot after they grazed tall fescue with novel endophyte (... Fig. 12. Ideal management approach for tall fescue pastures. Fig. 13. A chemical procedure uses special paper to show endophyte infection in ... Fig. 14. The spray-smother-spray method of replacing toxic tall fescue in a past...Fig. 15. Major and minor areas of tall fescue use in the United States (72).Fig. 16. (Top) Process of creating tall fescue varieties that are endophyte-free...Fig. 17. Daily gain and prolactin production of sheep grazing tall fescue infec...Fig. 18. Grazing pressure on tall fescue with a novel endophyte, variety Jesup i...Fig. 19. Additive effect of management inputs. With enough inputs, gains from an...Fig. 20. Steer gains improve when clover is added to tall fescue with high and l...Fig. 21. Steer gains improve when clover is added to tall fescue with high and l...Fig. 22. Dilution of toxic tall fescue can be successful with grasses also. This...Fig. 23. Toxins are highly concentrated in the seed-heads (A), which appear in t...Fig. 24. Rotation to a summer forage other than tall fescue can improve animal g...Fig. 25. Tall fescue–annual lespedeza pastures grow and are grazed more like dou...Fig. 26. Ergovaline concentration decreases over the winter in stockpiled tall f...Fig. 27. Nitrogen fertilizer increases ergovaline concentration (58).Fig. 28. Ammoniated tall fescue hay has low concentrations of toxic alkaloids (5...Fig. 29. Ammoniation: the process of treating low-quality grass hay with anhydro...Fig. 30. Before hay is ammoniated (A), bales are stacked and covered with plasti...Fig. 31. Ammoniation of toxic tall fescue hay can improve lamb gains (17).Fig. 32. Ammoniation of toxic tall fescue hay can increase levels of the hormone...Fig. 33. Tall fescue sprayed in the spring with GrazonNext (left) and Chaparral ...Fig. 34. Average daily gain of growing steers grazing toxic tall fescue improves...

1 Chapter 1Table 1. Decline in animal performance among livestock fed either high- (61 to 1...Table 2. Stocker cattle gains on three types of tall fescue pasture: toxic tall ...

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Cover 2 Copyright Copyright © 2018 by American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the individual Editors and Authors. These views do not necessarily reflect endorsement by the Publisher(s). In addition, trade names are sometimes mentioned in this publication. No endorsement of these products by the Publisher(s) is intended, nor is any criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801 USA ASA and CSSA gratefully acknowledge Plant Management Network for permission to reprint this content. ISBN: 978-0-89118-630-4 doi: 10.2135/2018.fescuetoxicosis Cover: Photo shows calves from a field that contained 99% toxic endophyte (courtesy of Craig Roberts). Inset shows scanning electron micrograph of the tall fescue endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (courtesy of Nick Hill; photo by Jo-Jong Ju). Printed in the United States of America. 3 Title Page 4 Tall fescue 5 About the Societies 6 End User License Agreement

3 Copyright Copyright © 2018 by American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the individual Editors and Authors. These views do not necessarily reflect endorsement by the Publisher(s). In addition, trade names are sometimes mentioned in this publication. No endorsement of these products by the Publisher(s) is intended, nor is any criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801 USA ASA and CSSA gratefully acknowledge Plant Management Network for permission to reprint this content. ISBN: 978-0-89118-630-4 doi: 10.2135/2018.fescuetoxicosis Cover: Photo shows calves from a field that contained 99% toxic endophyte (courtesy of Craig Roberts). Inset shows scanning electron micrograph of the tall fescue endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (courtesy of Nick Hill; photo by Jo-Jong Ju). Printed in the United States of America.

4 Title Page

5 Begin Reading

6 About the Societies

1 C1

2 i Copyright © 2018 by American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the individual Editors and Authors. These views do not necessarily reflect endorsement by the Publisher(s). In addition, trade names are sometimes mentioned in this publication. No endorsement of these products by the Publisher(s) is intended, nor is any criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801 USA ASA and CSSA gratefully acknowledge Plant Management Network for permission to reprint this content. ISBN: 978-0-89118-630-4 doi: 10.2135/2018.fescuetoxicosis Cover: Photo shows calves from a field that contained 99% toxic endophyte (courtesy of Craig Roberts). Inset shows scanning electron micrograph of the tall fescue endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (courtesy of Nick Hill; photo by Jo-Jong Ju). Printed in the United States of America.