John-Paul Himka - Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust

34Himka, “‘Skazhite, mnogo liudei vy rasstreliali?’”

35Sorokina, “People and Procedures,” 118, 121.

36YVA, r.g. M.52, file 245.1 (6412889), frames 86-88; originally from DALO, 3/1/278. Extraordinary Commission documents.

37Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.

38The Commission’s investigation of Hrymailiv is found in GARF, fond 7021, opis 75, delo 94, ff. 1-4, 14-34v; USHMM RG-22.002M, reel 17.

39 Justiz und NS-Verbrechen , Lfd. Nr. 698, Lübeck 2 Ks 1/67 (vol. 31 of the printed edition), 483.

40Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.

41Kovba, Liudianist’ u bezodni pekla, 213. A photocopy of the complete testimony is online: https://training.ehri-project.eu/a10-1946-philip-friedman-recalls-pogrom-lviv(accessed 15 January 2019). Kovba gives a different archival location and says the testimony was to the Extraordinary Commission. But the online testimony, which seems to be an identical text, was to the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War. I assume the same testimony was used for both commissions. I want to thank Alexander Melnyk for first turning my attention to this and providing me with information on the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War.

42Philip Friedman, “The Destruction of the Jews of Lwów,” 246. Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations,” 183, 198 n. 24.

43On the Vinnytsia mass murders, see Paperno, “Exhuming the Bodies of Soviet Terror.”

44Korzen, “The Extermination of Two Ukrainian Jewish Communities,” 311 (quote). Yad Vashem Studies , which published Bingle’s testimony in 1959, apparently accepted this as good coin. Unfortunately, the publication of the testimony did not specify to which Soviet body the testimony was given.

45The title of the collection is “Selected Records from Former Archives of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 1919-1937; 1941-1962; and 1965.” USHMM RG-31.026 Acc. 2003.260; the documents are originally from TsDAHO. I would like to thank Vadim Altskan at USHMM for directing me to this collection.

46For example, in 2017 an aluminum milk can full of well preserved OUN-UPA documents was found in the Yaniv woods near Lviv. The can had been buried in mid-1951. “Vidkopaly arkhiv UPA.” Even more recently, in autumn 2019, OUN-UPA documents from 1945-46 were found in woods near Rohatyn in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast. Prystans’ka, “U lisakh Ivano-Frankivshchyny.”

47The OUN periodical press is discussed below, 101-02.

48Cited in Patryliak, Viis’kova diial’nist OUN (B) , 322.

49Translation by Marco Carynnyk. Carynnyk, “Foes of Our Rebirth,” 345 (translation), 346 (photoreproduction of the original document).

50USHMM RG-06.029.

51Adamczyk, Ziemie Wschodnie .

52Cited in Wieviorka, “The Witness in History,” 386.

53Emphases in original.

54Gross, Neighbors , 92.

55Browning, Collected Memories , 43.

56Bartov, “Wartime Lies,” 487; more generally on the importance of testimony as a source for the Holocaust, see 487-90 and 506-08.

57See above, 49.

58Spector, Holocaust of Volhynian Jews , 1.

59Himka, “Dostovirnist’ svidchennia.”

60Prusin, “‘Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!’” 20.

61Ibid., 20.

62Golczewski, “Die Kollaboration in der Ukraine,” 156.

63Kopstein and Wittenberg, Intimate Violence , 44. I have explored the problem of antipathy and ethnic stereotypes in survivor memory in Himka, Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust , and Himka, “How to Think about Difficult Things.”

64Kraft, “Archival Memory,” 321.

65Himka, Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust , 12-21.

66This estimate is taken from Kopstein and Wittenberg, Intimate Violence , 145 n. 2.

67See Aleksiun, “The Central Jewish Historical Commission.”

68 Relacje z czasów Zagłady.

69Welzer, ”Opa war kein Nazi.”

70Wieviorka, “The Witness in History,” 392.

71For example, these two texts, in spite of the name change, are by the same person: Lejb Wieliczker, AŻIH 302/26; Wells, The Janowska Road . They provide substantially the same information. The same is true of Kurt Lewin’s memoir of 1946 and his testimony for the Shoah Foundation: Lewin, Przeżyłem ; Shoah Foundation 25423 Kurt Lewin.

72Browning, Collected Memories , 46-47.

73Spector, Holocaust of Volhynian Jews , 2.

74Kraft, “Archival Memory,” 316 n. 3.

75Lower, The Diary of Samuel Golfard . I was not able to consult A. Klonicki-Klonymus, The Diary of Adam's Father (Jerusalem, 1973).

76Siemaszko and Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo . I would like to thank Michal Mlynarz for his invaluable help with this.

77Andrzej, “Tadeusz Zaderecki.” This article provides links to some of Zaderecki’s publications of the 1930s.

78Zaderecki, “Gdy swastyka Lwowem władała.”

79Tadeusz Zaderecki, Lwów under the Swastika: The Destruction of the Jewish Community through the Eyes of a Polish Writer (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2018). I have been unable to consult this volume myself.

80Spector, Holocaust of Volhynian Jews , 2-3.

81Himka, “Ukrainian Memories of the Holocaust,” 427.

82The memoir section is called “Spomyny.”

83See my analysis of a documentary put out by the Centre on Ukraine during World War II: Himka, “Victim Cinema.”

84UCRDC, “Spomyny,” no. 33 (Ivan P”iatka). In 2014 the Lviv historian Andrii Bolianovsky brought to my attention that there is another memoir of a Ukrainian policeman in the UCRDC: B., “Ukrains’ka politsiia. Spomyn. Burlington, Ontario, 1988.” When I made a request to see it in 2018, I was informed that access was “still restricted.” Emails Andrii Bolianovsky to John-Paul Himka, 1 October 2014, UCRDC Office to John-Paul Himka, 28 May 2018. Subsequently Bolianovsky sent me photos of pages from the memoir, which he had clearly had access to.

85Himka and Himka, “Absence and Presence,” 19-20.

86Yahad-in Unum Testimony no. 737.

87Ibid. no. 802.

88Ibid. no. 827.

89E.g., Shoah Foundation 36160 Dmitrii Omelianiuk; see also the film based on Ukrainian interviews for the Shoah Foundation: Spell Your Name ( Nazvy svoie im”ia ) (2006) directed by Sergei Bukovsky and presented by Steven Spielberg and Viktor Pinchuk.

90Strutyns’ka, Daleke zblyz’ka , 145-246.

91Strutyns’ka, Buria nad L’vovom .

92Nakonechnyi, “ Shoa” u L’vovi .

93For a more extended analysis, see Himka, “Debates in Ukraine,” 353-56.

94Shepelev, “Fotografii,” 431 n. 12.

95See his beautiful and moving remembrance of her: Preston, “A Bird in the Wind.”

96It is in the Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, acc. no. 2013.himka, RG-60.1414, film ID 2983. I also have a copy in my possession.

97Shepelev, “Fotografii,” 435, 441.

98Hirsch, “Surviving Images,” 37 n. 32.

99AŻIH, 301/442, Róża Wagner, 3-4.

100See above, 36-37.

101On the successes and repression of the Melnykites in Kyiv, see Kurylo, “Syla ta slabkist’.” On the antisemitism of the Melnykite milieus in light of contemporary Ukrainian historico-political controversies, see Radchenko, “‘I todi braty.’“ Myroslav Shkandrij wrote that after the repressions in Ukrains’ke Slovo , its replacement, Nove ukrains’ke slovo , was “anti-Ukrainian and antisemitic.” Shkandrij, Ukrainian Nationalism , 176. This is true, but it implies that the Melnykite paper was not antisemitic beforehand, which was, as Radchenko shows, not the case.