A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set

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2 Volume I Volume I Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Notes on Contributors SECTION I: INTRODUCTION SECTION II: GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1: Geography and Climate REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 2: Demoscopy and Demography Object of Research and Method The Sources and Their Relevance REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 3: Peoples and Languages Introduction: The Territory of the Achaemenid Empire The Internal Ethnic Diversity of the Achaemenid Empire The Languages of the Achaemenid Empire: An Overview Language and Administration in the Achaemenid Empire REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 4: Languages and Script REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 5: Onomastics Personal Names: Evidence Iranian Names Particulars Non‐Iranian Names Geographical Names REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION III: SOURCES SECTION III.A: WRITTEN SOURCES CHAPTER 6: The Inscriptions of the Achaemenids REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 7: Elamite Sources Introduction Elamite Language Royal Inscriptions Administrative Texts Seal Inscriptions Elamite Sources of Old Iranian Variation and Contact REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 8: Babylonian Sources Introduction Survey of Archival Texts Library Texts Conclusions REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 9: Aramaic Sources Achaemenid Official Aramaic Documentary Texts Literary Compositions Aftermath REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 10: Biblical Sources Epigraphical Sources Literary Sources REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 11: Phoenician Sources The Inscriptions of the Four Main Phoenician Cities Other Inscriptions from the Levantine Seashore Inscriptions from Cyprus Other Inscriptions from the Persian Empire REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 12: Egyptian Sources REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 13: Lydian, Carian, and Lycian Sources Persians on Lycian, Lydian, and Carian Inscriptions Historic and Prosopographic Notes on the Lycian Evidence Conclusion FURTHER READING CHAPTER 14: Greek and Latin Sources Introduction From the Eve of the Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War From the Peloponnesian War to Alexander From the Hellenistic Age to the Roman Empire REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION III.B: ARCHEOLOGICAL SOURCES CHAPTER 15: Persia (including Khūzestān) Pasargadae, the First Royal Residence Persepolis, a Permanent Building Site Western Fars and the Persepolis‐Susa Road The Foothills and the Eastern Plain of Khūzestān Susa, the Choice of Darius Between Persepolis and Babylon Cult Places and Burial Customs Artifacts REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 16: Media REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 17: Babylonia and Assyria REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 18: Syria Introduction City Layout and Architecture The Archeological Material Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 19: Cyprus Persian Presence in Cyprus: The Architectural Evidence Persian Influences on Cypriot Civilization: Emulation and Legitimization REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 20: Egypt REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 21: Asia Minor Western Asia Minor Northwest Black Sea Area and Central Anatolia Karia and Lycia Cilicia and the Southeast/Middle Euphrates REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 22: Caucasus Region REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 23: The Empire's Northeast Socioeconomic Context Chronological Frame Written Sources of the Achaemenid Period Cities and Archeological Settlements A Sogdian City from the Iron Age to the Hellenistic Period Palaces The Platforms Religious Life REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 24: The Empire's Southeast REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION IV: HISTORY SECTION IV.A: PREDECESSORS OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE AND ITS RISE CHAPTER 25: The Median Dilemma REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 26: Urar u Assyrian Records on Urar u Tušpa, Center of the Urartian Power: Sarduri I Sarduri's Successor The Religion as “ Instrumentum Regni ” The Citadel of Van Kalesi and Its Historical Monuments The Annals of Sarduri II in Hazine Kapisi (CTU A 9‐1‐3) The War Between Rusa I and Sargon for the Control of Northwestern Iran The Last Century of the Urartian History Urartian Chronology REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 27: From Assurbanipal to Cambyses Introduction General Aspects of Longue Durée Developments: Conquest and Growth of Empire Dynasty and Succession REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 28: Elamite Traditions Introduction: The Elamite Foundations of the Persian Empire Urban Landscape: Textual and Archeological Evidence Religious Heritage: Divinities, Highland Ceremonies, and Funerary Practices Artistic Heritage (i): Mudbrick Architecture and Vitreous Industries Artistic Heritage (ii): New Discoveries Concluding Remarks: The Legacy of Elam REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 29: The Great Conquests The Evidence History of Events Reception and Accommodation REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION IV.B: FROM GAUMĀTA TO ALEXANDER CHAPTER 30: Imperial Crisis Sources The Triggering and the Course of the Crisis Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 31: The Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire: Darius I, Xerxes I, and Artaxerxes I Sources and Perspectives War and Conquest: Darius I (522–486 BCE) and Xerxes I (486–465 BCE) Revolts War and (Re)Conquest: Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) Steady State of Empire Court and Architecture Some Concluding Remarks: Changes and Achievements REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 32: From Darius II to Darius III Darius II (423–405/4 BCE) Artaxerxes II (405/4–359/8 BCE) Artaxerxes III (359/8–338 BCE) The Transition to Darius III Darius III (336–330 BCE) REFERENCES FURTHER READING Note CHAPTER 33: The Conquest by Alexander REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION IV.C: UNDER PERSIAN RULE CHAPTER 34: Pārsa and Ūja The Center of the Empire Source Problems Specific Events The Designing of the Imperial Center REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 35: Media Remarks on Media's Position in the Achaemenid Empire and on Median Ethnicity Administering Media Media as Part of the Imperial Economy and Inter‐Provincial Communication ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 36: Babylon REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 37: The Persian Gulf Introduction The Persian Gulf and Its Iranian Islands The Achaemenid Presence on the Arabian Islands The Persian Gulf as a Maritime Highway for the Transmission of Knowledge REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 38: The Arabian World Arabia The Qedarite Kingdom The Borders of Arabia Arabs in Persian Sources The Oasis of Taymāʼ During the Achaemenid Period by Arnulf Hausleiter Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 39: Egypt Conquest Rule and Insurrections The Struggle for Keeping Independence The Second Persian Rule Later Reflections on Persian Rule REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 40: Nubia Nubia Archeological and Written Evidence in Nubia 525–330 BCE Interaction Between Nubia and Achaemenid Persia Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 41: The Cyrenaica Introductory Remarks Cyrenaica Before the Persian Conquest Persian Rule Over the Cyrenaica REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 42: The Levant The Levant and the Persian Empire People of the Levant Competitors and Allies The Levant in the Satrapy “Trans‐Euphrates” The Phoenician City‐States The Landlocked Provinces Trade and Products The Levantine Contributions to the Persian Army Change of Rule REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 43: Asia Minor REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 44: Cyprus and the Mediterranean Sources Political Events and Situations The Island, Its Economy, People, and Political Structure Greeks and Phoenicians in Cyprus: A Peculiar Discussion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 45: The Greek World Traditional Interpretations and Source Issues Greeks, Lydians, and Persians in Asia Minor – The Problem of the “Vassal‐Tyrants” The Ionian Revolt The Reorganization of Persian Rule After the Ionian Revolt and the Problem of Darius I's Reforms The So‐called Persian Wars and the Delian League The Consequences of the Peloponnesian War – Greeks and Persians at the Beginning of the Fourth Century BCE REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 46: Macedonia REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 47: Thrace Achievements in European Thrace Predating Darius' Scythian Campaign Darius' Scythian Campaign (513/12 BCE) Megabazus' Undertakings in Thrace (c.