A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set

512–499 BCE) The Ionian Revolt (499–493 BCE) A New Persian Offensive (493–490 BCE) and the Consequences of Marathon Xerxes' Expedition Against Greece: Preparation, Start, and Failure, Followed by Persian Retreat (484/3–478 BCE) Persia and Thrace after the Founding of the Delian League (c. 477–c. 465 BCE) REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 48: The Northern Black Sea REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 49: The Caucasus Region The History of the Caucasus Region According to Primary and Secondary Sources Archeological Evidence for Persian Rule REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 50: The Nomads of the Steppes Nomads and Nomadism: Ancient Sources vs. Modern Definitions The Steppe Region: Nomads and Sedentaries in Contact Campaigns of Achaemenid Kings in the Steppe Region and the Localization of the Saka Provinces Fragments of Information on the History and Administration of the Steppe Area During Achaemenid Times ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 51: The Iranian East Environment Problem of Sources The Establishment of Achaemenid Rule in Eastern Iran Eastern Iran and the Accession of Darius I Achaemenid Rule in the Iranian East During the Reigns of Darius I and Xerxes I The Iranian East from Artaxerxes I to Darius III The End of Achaemenid Rule in the Iranian East Regional Overview REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 52: India REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION V: STRUCTURES AND COMMUNICATION chapter 53: Roads and Communication Introduction: The Sources Development and Extension of the Road Network The Network of Royal Roads: The Textual Record Royal and Ancillary Roads The Institutional Perspective: Persis, Bactria, Palestine, and Egypt Archeological Evidence Means of Communication Communication and Connectivity The Extent and the Borders of the Known World REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 54: The Interplay of Languages and Communication Mixing of Populations, Mixing of Languages The Art of Translation Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 55: Achaemenid Art – Art in the Achaemenid Empire Summary ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 56: Seals and Sealing Introduction The Evidence Persepolis Susa Daskyleion Memphis Correspondence of Aršāma Unprovenanced Clay “Tags” Wadi ed‐Daliyeh, Samaria Babylonia Ur REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 57: Royal Coinage Introduction: Coins in Context Lydia: From the Cradle of Coinage to the Coinage of an Empire Iran: Coining and Communicating an Imperial Ideology Greece: From Persepolis to the Parthenon Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 58: Empire, Borders, and Ideology REFERENCES FURTHER READING

3 Volume II Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Notes on Contributors SECTION VI: ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMY SECTION VI.A: IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER 59: Satrapal Administration The Term Satrap in Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions The Meaning of the Terms Satrap and Satrapy The Sources Pathways to the Design of an Overall Picture Satrapal Administration On the Duties of the Satraps ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 60: Hierarchy and ethno‐classe dominante Hierarchy The Persian Elite Local Elites A Multiethnic Elite REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 61: Deportations General Remarks The Sources (and Their Problems) Fundamentals of Achaemenid Deportation Practice Deportations in the Assyrian and Persian Empires: A Comparison REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION VI.B: LOCAL ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER 62: Persia Introduction Archives from Persepolis From Um ulumāʾ to Parnakka From Rām Hormoz to Nīrīz From Parnakka to Peucestes Treasurers and Commanders Institutional Hierarchy Epilogue REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 63: Babylonia General Outlines: Power Negotiation, Elite Management, and Administration Power Relationships: The Babylonian Administration and Their King Inheriting a State: The Administrative Takeover of the Neo‐Babylonian Empire by the Persians The Governor (Satrap) of Babylonia Showcasing Imperial Power Local Administrative Structures in Babylonia Revenue and Control The King's New Men REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 64: Egypt Administrative Hierarchy Specialized Administrations Administration in Multicultural Context REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 65: Asia Minor Officers and Vassals Provinces Activities and Responsibilities Property of Land and Tribute ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 66: Bactria Introduction Sources Administrative Procedures and Hierarchy Economy and Taxation Epilogue: The Hellenistic Period REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION VI.C: ECONOMY CHAPTER 67: Taxes and Tributes Taxes and Tributes According to the Classical Sources Taxation and Service Obligations Under the Persians According to Babylonian Cuneiform Texts REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 68: Temple Economy The Role of the King Feeding the Gods Feeding the Priesthood Resources The Workforce Tilling the Land and Tending the Gardens Birds and Fish Craftsmen Tax and Corvée Obligations Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 69: Babylonian Entrepreneurs Introduction Sources Babylonian Entrepreneurs in the Empire REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION VII: SOCIETY AND POLITICS CHAPTER 70: The Residences The Residences in the Imperial Capitals A Metropolis, a Citadel, and “Empty Cities” The Surroundings of the Residences Function The Residences in the Imperial Capitals – Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 71: The Court What Was the Persian “Court”? Theater of Royalty: Court Ceremony and Etiquette The Itinerant Court REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 72: King – Elites and Subjects – Slaves Tribes King Elites Subjects Slaves REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 73: Banquet and Gift Exchange Research Context The King as Receiver and Giver Items of Exchange The King's Table Conspicuous Consumption and Competitive Gift‐Giving Evaluating Importance REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 74: Clothes and Insignia The Riding Costume The Court Robe REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 75: Jurisdiction The King as Lawgiver and Judge The Role of the Satrap Local Jurisdiction: The Case of Babylonia REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 76: Diplomacy Ambassadors, Arbiters, and Envoys The Conduct of Intercourse and Negotiations Travel to and from the Achaemenid Court Protocol Bridging Language Barriers and Diplomacy Xenia Dexiae Gifts REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 77: Hunting and Leisure Activities ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 78: Gender and Sex Theoretical and Methodical Considerations Synthesis of the Current Scholarship and Aims of this Chapter Writing About Sexual Differences: The Literary Sources Sexual Differences and Gender in Script, Language, and Grammar Concepts of Royal Manliness Concepts of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu Concepts of Subordinated Manliness: Members of the Elite Concepts of Subordinated Masculinity and Femininity: Ordinary Persians Manliness and Femininity in the Persian Empire: The View of Greek and Latin Authors Concepts of Royal Manliness The Concept of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu The Concept of Subordinated Manliness: The Nobleman Who is Not the King Impressions of Subordinated Manliness and Femininity: Ordinary Persians Effeminates and Eunuchs: A Cause for Friction in Western Perceptions Summary and Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION VIII: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE AT WAR CHAPTER 79: Legitimization of War Royal Ideology The Duties of the King The Conquest of Greece The Interests of Persia REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 80: Structure of the Army and Logistics REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 81: Military Organization and Equipment General Considerations Basic Clothing Offensive Weapons Defensive Weapons The Elements of an Army Fleet REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 82: Mercenaries Introduction Geographical Location Date Range and Early Patterns of Use Ethnicity Numbers Mercenary Employment Relations Types, Combinations, and Contexts of Use Strengths and Weaknesses Persian Dependence on Greek Mercenaries The Overall Incidence of Mercenary Use REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION IX: RELIGION AND WORSHIP CHAPTER 83: The Religion of the Achaemenid Rulers Three Styles of Religion at the Achaemenid Court The Imperial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids The Familial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids The Dynastic Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 84: The Achaemenids and the Avesta Preliminary Considerations Zoroastrianism or Non‐Zoroastrianism? What Are We Comparing? Der liebe Gott steckt im Detail The Invisible Ceremony Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 85: The Heartland Pantheon Introduction The Divine World of Achaemenid Pārsa REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 86: Practice of Worship in the Achaemenid Heartland Terminology Cultic Personnel The Fruits of the Fields Terms for Specific Rites All the Gods Royal and Funerary Cults Sacrificial Feasts and Other Festivals Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 87: Funerary Customs REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 88: Religions in the Empire The “Political” Zoroastrianism of the Achaemenid Rulers The Achaemenids and the Religions of the Empire Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION X: “GEISTESGESCHICHTE”, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 89: Schools, Erudition, and Wisdom Oral Education and Knowledge Transmission Education and Script Erudition and Wisdom REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 90: Astronomy and Astrology Introduction The Calendar Astronomical Observations Predictive and Theoretical Astronomy Astrology REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 91: Persian “Enlightenment” Introduction The Historical Background “Enlightenment” Sources for the Pre‐Socratics What Is New in Pre‐Socratic Philosophy? Philosophy, Science, Enlightenment, and the Disenchantment of the World Early Greek Philosophy and the Ancient Near East Outlook REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 92: Physicians and Medicine REFERENCES FURTHER READING Notes CHAPTER 93: Techniques of Art and Architecture Ceramics and Firing Techniques Mudbrick Architecture Stone Timber Glass Textile and Textile Productions REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION XI: THE PERSPECTIVE OF ART CHAPTER 94: Statuary and Relief Scope and Nature of the Evidence Trends and Approaches Pasargadae, Founded by Cyrus II The Bisitun Monument of Darius I Naqsh‐i Rustam Persepolis and Susa REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 95: The Minor Arts Introduction Achaemenid Glyptic Metalware Jewelry Other Minor Arts REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 96: Poetry, Music, and Dance REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION XII: RECEPTION AND HERITAGE SECTION XII.A: MODES OF PERCEPTION CHAPTER 97: The Perspectives of Greek and Latin Sources The Place of the Achaemenid Empire in a Global‐Historical Perspective The Portrayal of the “Great” Kings from Cyrus to Xerxes Stereotype in the Portrayal of the Great King The Ambivalences in the Portrayal of the Military Powers and the Economic Resources ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 98: “ Perserie ” Introduction Perserie in Athens (M.C. Miller) Perserie in Macedonia (S.A. Paspalas) Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 99: Jewish Perspectives on Persia REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 100: Perspectives in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Modern Era Introduction The Influence of the Alexander Romance Cast into the Role of the Enemy Persian Great Kings as exempla Persian Kings in the Bible Excitement for the Ancient Persian Empire Conclusions REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION XII.B: THE LOCAL HERITAGE CHAPTER 101: Heirs of the Achaemenid Empire: The Seleucids The Arsacids The Sasanians REFERENCES CHAPTER 102: The Perception in Iran in the Medieval and Modern Era Introduction Medieval Period Modern Period Qājār Period Pahlavī Period Islamic Republic of Iran REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION XII.C: CONTEMPORARY PERCEPTION CHAPTER 103: Popular Culture and Its Traditions Staging the Achaemenids: Movies, Comics, Opera, Drama, and Propaganda Achaemenids Between External and Self‐Perception REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 104: The Achaemenid Empire and Forgery: Inscriptions Various Tablets Weapons Vessels Wooden Coffin Gobelin‐Like Carpet REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 105: The Achaemenid Empire and Forgery REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION XIII: HISTORY OF RESEARCH CHAPTER 106: Western Europe Chronological Survey Scholarship in Different Countries Research by Theme and Type of Publication Research into Specific Classical Authors Research on Xenophon Research on Diodorus Lives of Alexander Research on Plutarch Minor Authors Archaeological Research Numismatic Research Journals and Serial Publications Online Resources Conferences and Exhibitions Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 107: The USA Introduction Language/Text/History REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 108: Eastern Europe REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 109: Iran The Early Iranian Concept of the Achaemenid Empire The Modern Era, the Nineteenth Century, and the Early Iranian Excavations 1900–1939 1945–1979 1979–2010 REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 110: The Achaemenid Empire Introductory Remarks Cyrus II, King of Persia: Founder of an Empire, “Wise Prince,” and “Immoderate Ruler” A “Forgotten Empire” of a Special Quality? The Achaemenid Empire in an Ancient Near Eastern and Greek Perspective Ancient Iran in Today’s Iran REFERENCES FURTHER READING

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