A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set

Edited by Jeremy McInerney

A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art

Edited by Melinda Hartwig

A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World

Edited by Rubina Raja and Jörg Rüpke

A Companion to Food in the Ancient World

Edited by John Wilkins and Robin Nadeau

A Companion to Ancient Education

Edited by W. Martin Bloomer

A Companion to Ancient Aesthetics

Edited by Pierre Destrée & Penelope Murray

A Companion to Roman Art

Edited by Barbara Borg

A Companion to Greek Literature

Edited by Martin Hose and David Schenker

A Companion to Josephus in his World

Edited by Honora Howell Chapman and Zuleika Rodgers

A Companion to Greek Architecture

Edited by Margaret M. Miles

A Companion to Plautus

Edited by Dorota Dutsch and George Fredric Franko

A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages

Edited by Rebecca Hasselbach‐Andee

A Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome on Screen

Edited by Arthur J. Pomeroy

A Companion to Euripedes

Edited by Laura K. McClure

A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art

Edited by Ann C. Gunter

A Companion to Ancient Epigram

Edited by Christer Henriksén

A Companion to Late Antique Literature

Edited by Scott McGill and Edward Watts

A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity

Edited by Josef Lössl and Nicholas Baker‐Brian

A Companion to Aeschylus

Edited by Peter Burian

Volume I

Edited by

Bruno Jacobs

University of Basel

Robert Rollinger

University of Innsbruck

This edition first published 2021

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for Hardback: 9781119174288

Cover design: Wiley

Cover image: An ancient sculpture of Achaemenid Empire, Bisotun (Province of Kermānshāh, Iran), Relief of Darius I: Auramazdā (Photo B. Jacobs)

These volumes are dedicated to the Memory of Mohammad A. Dandamayev (1928–2017) and David B. Stronach (1931–2020).

Javier Álvarez‐Monis Professor in Near Eastern Art and Archaeology at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. His primary research interests are the art, archeology, and culture of the ancient Iranian civilizations of Elam and early Persia, and the study and preservation of the cultural heritage of ancient Iran.

Reinhold Bichleris Professor Emeritus of Ancient History at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. His main research subjects are the history of political ideas, especially ancient utopias, Greek historiography and ethnography, especially Herodotus and Ctesias, and the reception of ancient history, in particular Alexander and the concept of Hellenism.

Carsten Binderteaches Ancient History at the University of Duisburg‐Essen. Besides the history of the Achaemenid Empire his scholarly work focuses on ancient historiography, biography, and ethnography.

Dilyana Boteva‐Boyanovais Professor at the St Climent Ohridski University of Sofia. The focus of her research is the history and culture of ancient Thrace both during the 1st millennium BCE and within the Roman Empire (1st ‐4th century CE). She has authored three books and edited seven miscellanea.

Rémy Boucharlatis a Senior Researcher Emeritus at the CNRS, at the University of Lyon, France. He took part in excavations at Susa and Tureng Tepe (Iran). Later he directed excavations in the UAE. Between 1999 and 2009 he conducted archeological reconnaissances at Pasargadae and Persepolis, and took part in excavations in southern Central Asia. Most of his books and articles concern the archeology of the first millennium BCE, the Achaemenid and Sasanian empires in Iran, and the Persian Gulf.

Anna Cannavòis researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Maison de l’Orient, Lyon (France). She is director of the French archeological mission at Amathus. She specializes in the history and epigraphy of the Cypriot kingdoms.

Touraj Daryaeeis the Maseeh Chair in Persian Studies and the Director of the Dr. Samuel M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies & Culture at the University of California, Irvine. He works on the history and culture of the ancient Iranian world.

Julian Degenholds a post‐Doc position at the University of Trier. He received his PhD from Innsbruck in 2020. His main research interests are Greek historiography, Alexander the Great, intercultural contacts between East and West, and Ancient Near Eastern history of the first millennium BCE.

Elspeth Dusinberreis Professor in Classics at the University of Colorado and author of Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis (2003), Gordion Seals and Sealings (2005), and Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia (2013). She studies the seal impressions on the Persepolis Fortification Archive Aramaic tablets and Gordion’s cremation burials.