Magdalena Salazar-Palma - Modern Characterization of Electromagnetic Systems and its Associated Metrology

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Tapan K. Sarkar†

Syracuse University 11 Wexford Road, Syracuse, New York 13214

Magdalena Salazar‐Palma

Carlos III University of MadridAvda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain

Ming Da Zhu

Xidian UniversityNo. 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Heng Chen

Syracuse University211 Lafayette Rd. Room 425, Syracuse, NY, USA

This edition first published 2021

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Sarkar, Tapan (Tapan K.), editor. | Salazar-Palma, Magdalena, editor. | Zhu, Ming Da, editor. | Chen, Heng, editor.

Title: Modern characterization of electromagnetic systems and its associated metrology / edited by Tapan K. Sarkar, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Ming Da Zhu, Heng Chen.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020008264 (print) | LCCN 2020008265 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119076469 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119076544 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119076537 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Electromagnetism–Mathematics. | Electromagnetic waves–Measurement.

Classification: LCC QC760 .M53 2020 (print) | LCC QC760 (ebook) | DDC 537/.12–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008264LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008265

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © zf L/Getty Images

The area of electromagnetics is an evolutionary one. In the earlier days the analysis in this area was limited to 11 separable coordinate systems for the solution of Helmholtz equations. The eleven coordinate systems are rectangular, circular cylinder, elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, spherical, conical, parabolic, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal, ellipsoidal and paraboloidal coordinates. However, Laplace’s equation is separable in 13 coordinate systems, the additional two being the bispherical and the toroidal coordinate systems. Outside these coordinate systems it was not possible to develop a solution for electromagnetic problems in the earlier days. However, with the advent of numerical methods this situation changed and it was possible to solve real practical problems in any system. This development took place in two distinct stages and was primarily addressed by Prof. Roger F. Harrington. In the first phase he proposed to develop the solution of an electromagnetic field problem in terms of unknown currents, both electric and magnetic and not fields by placing some equivalent currents to represent the actual sources so that these currents produce exactly the same desired fields in each region. From these currents he computed the electric and the magnetic vector potentials in any coordinate system. In the integral representation of the potentials in terms of the unknown currents, the free space Green’s function was used which simplified the formulation considerably as no complicated form of the Green’s function for any complicated environment was necessary. From the potentials, the fields, both electric and magnetic, were developed by invoking the Maxwell‐Hertz‐Heaviside equations. This made the mathematical analysis quite analytic and simplified many of the complexities related to the complicated Green’s theorem. This was the main theme in his book “Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields”, McGraw Hill, 1961. At the end of this book he tried to develop a variational form for all these concepts so that a numerical technique can be applied and one can solve any electromagnetic boundary value problem of interest. This theme was further developed in the second stage through his second classic book “Field Computations by Moment Methods”, Macmillan Company, 1968. In the second book he illustrated how to solve a general electromagnetic field problem. This gradual development took almost half a century to mature. In the experimental realm, unfortunately, no such progress has been made. This may be partially due to decisions taken by the past leadership of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP‐S) who first essentially disassociated measurements from their primary focus leading antenna measurement practitioners to form the Antenna Measurements Techniques Association (AMTA) as an organization different from IEEE AP‐S. And later on even the numerical techniques part was not considered in the main theme of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society leading to the formation of the Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society (ACES). However, in recent times these shortcomings of the past decisions of the AP‐S leadership have been addressed.