Energy Storage
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Energy Storage: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Energy storage is crucial for continuous operation of power plants and can supplement basic power generation sources over a stand-alone system. It can enhance capacity and leads to greater security, including continuous electricity supply and other applications. A dependable energy storage system not only guarantees that the grid will not go down, but also increases efficacy and efficiency of any energy system.
This groundbreaking new volume in this forward thinking series addresses all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in energy storage. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this latest volume in the series, “Advances in Renewable Energy,” is a must-have for any library.
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1.3.1.1.1 Active Two-Tank Indirect
In two-tank indirect systems, different fluids are used as the HTF and storage material. In cases when HTF is expensive or HTF is not well suited to be used as storage materials, such a system can be implemented. The storage material from the low-temperature storage tank flows through an extra heat exchanger. The fluid is heated by the high-temperature HTF in the heat exchanger. The high-temperature storage material then returns back to the high-temperature storage tank. The HTF exits the heat exchanger at a low temperature returning to the receiver system to absorb heat again to continue the cycle. As observed in a two-tank direct system, storage material from the high-temperature tank is further used to generate steam. In contrast to the direct system, an extra heat exchanger is needed in an indirect system, making this system costlier.
Table 1.1 CSP projects with parabolic trough receiver concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems (data collected from NREL).
| Parabolic trough CSP projects | Thermal energy storage (TES) | Thermal energy storage capacity | Storage description and material |
| Airlight Energy Ait-Baha Pilot Plant | Packed bed | 5 hour(s) | Packed-bed of rocks |
| Andasol-1 (AS-1) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Andasol-2 (AS-2) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Andasol-3 (AS-3) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hours | Molten salts |
| Archimede | 2-tank direct | 8 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Arcosol 50 (Valle 1) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Arenales | 2-tank indirect | 7 hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| ASE Demo Plant | 2-tank direct | 4.27 MWh-t | Molten salt |
| Ashalim (Negev) | 2-tank indirect | 4.5 hours | Molten salts |
| Aste 1A | 2-tank indirect | 8 Hours | Molten salts 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate |
| Aste 1B | 2-tank indirect | 8 Hours | Molten salts 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate |
| Astexol II | 2-tank indirect | 8 Hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate |
| Bokpoort | 2-tank indirect | 9.3 hours | Molten salt |
| Casablanca | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Chabei 64MW Molten Salt Parabolic Trough project | 2-tank direct | 16 hours | Molten salt |
| Delingha 50MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project | 2-tank indirect | 9 hours | Molten salt |
| DEWA CSP Trough Project | 2-tank indirect | 15 hours | Molten salt |
| Diwakar | 2-tank indirect | 4 hours | Molten Salt |
| Extresol-1 (EX-1) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Extresol-2 (EX-2) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Extresol-3 (EX-3) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Gansu Akesai 50MW Molten Salt Trough project | 2-tank direct | 15 hours | Molten salt |
| Gujarat Solar One | 2-tank indirect | 9 hours | Molten salt |
| Gulang 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project | 2-tank indirect | 7 hours | Molten salt |
| Ilanga I | 2-tank indirect | 5 hours | Molten salt |
| Kathu Solar Park | 2-tank indirect | 4.5 hours | Molten salt |
| KaXu Solar One | 2-tank indirect | 2.5 hours | Molten salts |
| KVK Energy Solar Project | 2-tank indirect | 4 hours | Molten salt |
| La Africana | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| La Dehesa | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| La Florida | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Manchasol-1 (MS-1) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Manchasol-2 (MS-2) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| NOOR I | 2-tank indirect | 3 hours | Molten salt |
| NOOR II | 2-tank indirect | 7 hours | Molten salt |
| Rayspower Yumen 50MW Thermal Oil Trough project | 2-tank indirect | 7 hours | Molten salt |
| Shagaya CSP Project | 2-tank indirect | 9 hours | Molten salt |
| Solana Generating Station (Solana) | 2-tank indirect | 6 hours | Molten salt |
| Solar Electric Generating Station I (SEGS I) | 2-tank direct | 3 hour(s) | Molten salt |
| Termesol 50 (Valle 2) | 2-tank indirect | 7.5 hour(s) | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Termosol 1 | 2-tank indirect | 9 hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Termosol 2 | 2-tank indirect | 9 hours | Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. |
| Urat Royal Tech 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project | 2-tank indirect | 10 hours | Molten Salt |
| Xina Solar One | 2-tank indirect | 5 hours | Molten salt |
| Yumen 50MW Thermal Oil Trough CSP project | 2-tank indirect | 7 hours | Molten salt |
Table 1.2 CSP projects with linear Fresnel receiver concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems (Data collected from NREL).
| Linear fresnel CSP projects | Thermal energy storage (TES) | Thermal energy storage capacity | Storage description and material |
| Dacheng Dunhuang 50MW Molten Salt Fresnel project | 2-tank direct | 13 hours | Molten salt |
| eCare Solar Thermal Project | Other | 2 hours | Steam drum |
| eLLO Solar Thermal Project (Llo) | Other | 4 hours | Steam drum |
| IRESEN 1 MWe CSP-ORC pilot project | Other | 20 minutes | Buffer |
| Puerto Errado 2 Thermosolar Power Plant (PE2) | Single-tank thermocline | 0.5 Hours | Ruth’s tank |
| Urat 50MW Fresnel CSP project | 2-tank indirect | 6 hours | Molten salt |
| Zhangbei 50MW DSG Fresnel CSP project | Other | 14 hours | Solid state formulated concrete |
| Zhangjiakou 50MW CSG Fresnel project | Other | 14 hours | Solid state formulated concrete |
Table 1.3 CSP projects with central receiver (power tower) concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems.
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