Javier G. Nevarez - Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult - Reptile and Amphibian

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BLACKWELL’SFIVE-MINUTE VETERINARYCONSULT REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN
STAY UP TO DATE ON THE BEST PRACTICES FOR TREATING COMMON DISEASES IN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian
Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian

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No age or sex predisposition

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Diarrhea

Tenesmus

Inappetence

Weight loss

RISK FACTORS

Husbandry

Improper husbandry

Others

Immunocompromised animals with active parasitic/bacterial infections are more predisposed for the protozoan to become pathogenic.

DIAGNOSIS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Nyctotherus sp DIAGNOSTICS Microscopic - фото 34DIAGNOSIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Nyctotherus sp.

DIAGNOSTICS

Microscopic evaluation of fresh fecal material to visualize trophozoites and cysts.

SAF technique can be used for better visualization.

The addition of iodine will stain the contents of the cysts, making them more visible.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS

Hemorrhagic necrotizing colitis

TREATMENT APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE NA NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT NA CLIENT - фото 35TREATMENT

APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE

N/A

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

N/A

CLIENT EDUCATION/HUSBANDRY RECOMMENDATIONS

Practice proper hygiene

Wash fruits and vegetables before being fed

House infected animals separately

MEDICATIONS DRUGS OF CHOICE Metronidazole 50 mgkg PO q24h for 7 days - фото 36MEDICATIONS

DRUG(S) OF CHOICE

Metronidazole 50 mg/kg PO q24h for 7 days

Nimorazole 125 mg/kg PO q24h for 4 days

Tetracyclines 5–10 mg/kg q24h for 5–8 days

PRECAUTIONS/INTERACTIONS

N/A

FOLLOWUP PATIENT MONITORING Recheck feces on a routine basis EXPECTED COURSE - фото 37FOLLOW‐UP

PATIENT MONITORING

Recheck feces on a routine basis

EXPECTED COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

Treatment should only be started if clinical disease is observed.

MISCELLANEOUS COMMENTS NA ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL Balantidium coli is the only - фото 38MISCELLANEOUS

COMMENTS

N/A

ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL

Balantidium coli is the only known species to infect humans.

SYNONYMS

N/A

ABBREVIATIONS

SAF = sodium acetate acetic acid formalin

INTERNET RESOURCES

De Bosschere H, Roels S. Balantidium sp. and Nyctotherus sp.: Two common members of the digestive‐tract flora in Mediterranean tortoises. Tortoise Trust. https://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/balantidium.htm

Divers SJ. Parasitic Diseases of Reptiles. MSD Manual Veterinary Manual, June 2020. http://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic‐and‐laboratory‐animals/reptiles/parasitic‐diseases‐of‐reptiles

Suggested Reading

1 Hnizdo J, Pantchev N., eds. Protozoa (digestive tract). In: Medical Care of Turtles and Tortoises: Diagnosis, Surgery, Pathology, Parasitology. Frankfurt, Germany: Edition Chimaira; 2011:194–195

2 Jacobson ER. Parasites and parasitic diseases of reptiles. In: Jacobson ER, ed. Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles: Color Atlas and Text. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007:571–666.

3 Rataj AV, Lindtner‐Knific R, Vlahovic K, et al. Parasites in pet reptiles. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53(1):33.

AuthorElsburgh O. Clarke III, DVM, DACZM

Buphthalmos

BASICS DEFINITIONOVERVIEW Buphthalmos is an enlarged globe that is positioned - фото 39BASICS

DEFINITION/OVERVIEW

Buphthalmos is an enlarged globe that is positioned normally in the socket.

ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

An increase in IOP causing enlargement and distention of the globe secondary to chronic glaucoma.

SIGNALMENT/HISTORY

There is no standard signalment for this disease.

Common findings in the history may include tearing and squinting noted by the owners, as well as an asymmetry of the globes and loss of vision on the affected side(s).

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

While buphthalmos can be bilateral, most cases in chelonians are unilateral.

The corneal diameter of the affected eye is increased due to globe stretching.

There may be blepharospasm and epiphora.

Unlike exophthalmia, the conjunctiva and position of the nictitans is usually normal.

There may be red ciliary flush (red ring around the cornea) and congested episcleral vessels.

There may be lens luxation and/or cataracts in the affected eye(s).

Retropulsion of the globe is normal but the globe itself may feel firmer than normal.

RISK FACTORS

Husbandry

Diet and environmental factors are likely to have an effect on the development of cataracts.

Cataract development in brumating tortoises has been associated with damage from freezing temperatures.

Others

Trauma, especially if there is corneal penetration, can induce uveitis and cataract formation.

The presence of a cataract may increase the chance of lens luxation and/or lens induced uveitis, both of which can lead to glaucoma.

DIAGNOSIS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS It is important to first differentiate - фото 40DIAGNOSIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

It is important to first differentiate between exophthalmia and buphthalmos.

Glaucoma in chelonians is usually secondary to outflow obstruction of the aqueous humor, which is most often caused by uveitis, lens luxation, or intraocular neoplasia.

DIAGNOSTICS

Physical examination findings should raise suspicion of buphthalmos, which is confirmed by finding elevated IOP.

Normal IOP in three tortoise species has been reported to be 15.74 ± 0.2 mm Hg (Testudo hermanni), 14.2 ± 1.2 mm Hg (Geochelone denticulata), and 15.3 ± 8.81 mm Hg (Geochelone carbonaria) and in six turtle species at 5.42 ± 0.96 mm Hg (Emys orbicularis), 6.7 ± 1.4 mm Hg (Terrapene sp.), 8.3 ± 1.5 mm Hg (Terrapene sp.), 5.42 ± 1.7 mm Hg (Trachemys scripta elegans), 10.02 ± 0.66 mm Hg (Trachemys scripta elegans), 6.5 ± 1.0 mm Hg (Lepidochelys kempii), 3.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg (Lepidochelys kempii), and 4–9 mm Hg (Caretta caretta).

Since most cases are unilateral, a significant difference in IOP between the eyes may be most indicative of a problem.

Ocular examination and ultrasound are helpful in further evaluating the root cause, although the scleral ossicles can limit visualization.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS

Chronically elevated IOP will lead to pain and blindness.

TREATMENT APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE NA NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT Additional - фото 41TREATMENT

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