P. M. S. Hacker - Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience

64 64R. Whytt, ‘An essay on the vital and other, involuntary, motions of animals’ (1751), repr. in A. Walker, Documents and Dates of Modern Discoveries in the Nervous System (1839), pp. 112– 22; facsimile ed. P. Cranfield (Scarecrow Reprint Corp., Metuchen, NJ, 1973).

65 65Ibid., p. 120.

66 66Procháska, ‘A dissertation’, p. 123.

67 67Ibid., pp. 127–9.

68 68For more detail, see Bennett, ‘Early history of the synapse’, pp. 103–5.

69 69L. Galvani, ‘De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius’, De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Atrium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 7 (1791), pp. 363–418.

70 70C. Bell, ‘Idea of a new anatomy of the brain; submitted for the observations of his friends’, repr. in G. Gordon-Taylor and E. W. Walls, Sir Charles Bell, His Life and Times (Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1958), pp. 218–31; idem, ‘On the nerves; giving an account of some experiments on their structure and functions, which lead to a new arrangement of the system’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 111 (1821), p. 398.

71 71C. Bell, ‘On the functions of some parts of the brain, and on the relations between the brain and nerves of motion and sensation’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 124 (1834), pp. 471–83; idem, ‘Continuation of the paper on the relations between the nerves of motion and of sensation, and the brain; more particularly on the structure of the medulla oblongata and the spinal marrow’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 125 (1835), pp. 255–62.

72 72F. Magendie, ‘Expériences sur les fonctions des racines des nerfs rachidiens’, Journal Physiologie expérimentale ct de pathologie, 3 (1822), pp. 276–9; repr. with trans. in Walker, Documents and Dates, pp. 88, 95.

73 73Ibid., p. 91.

74 74M. Hall, ‘On the reflex function of the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 123 (1833), pp. 635–65; idem, ‘These motions independent of sensation and volition’, Proceedings of the Committee of Science, Zoological Society, 27 Nov. 1832, repr. in Walker, Documents and Dates, p. 138.

75 75M. Hall, ‘Synopsis of the diastaltic nervous system or the system of the spinal marrow and its reflex arcs, as the nervous agent in all the functions of ingestion and of egestion in the animal economy’, Croonian Lectures (Mallett, London, 1850).

76 76M. Foster, A Textbook of Physiology (Macmillan, London, 1890), p. 912. The Cartesian roots of this conception of the spinal soul are here evident in its association with consciousness.

77 77P. Broca, ‘Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du language articulé, suivies d’une observation d’aphémie (perte de la parole)’, Bulletins de la Société Anatomique (Paris), 6 (1861), pp. 330–57, 398–407; (tr. as ‘Remarks on the seat of the faculty of articulate language, followed by an observation of aphemia’, in G. von Bonin, Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1960), pp. 49–72.

78 78M. J. P. Flourens, Recherches expérimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés (Ballière, Paris, 1823).

79 79G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig, ‘Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns’, Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie and wissenschaftliche Medicin, Leipzig, 37 (1870), pp. 300–32; tr. as ‘On the electrical excitability of the cerebrum’ in von Bonin, Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex, pp. 73–96.

80 80J. H. Jackson, ‘Convulsive spasms of the right hand and arm preceding epileptic seizures’, Medical Times and Gazette, 2 (1863), pp. 110–11.

81 81D. Ferrier, ‘The localization of function in the brain’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 22 (1873–4),pp. 228–32; idem, ‘Experiments on the brain of monkeys’, Croonian Lecture (2nd ser.), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 165 (1876), pp. 433–88; idem, The Function of the Brain (Smith Elder and Company, London, 1876).

82 82C. E. Beevor and V. Horsley, ‘A minute analysis (experimental) of the various movements produced by stimulating in the monkey different regions of the cortical centre for the upper limb, as defined by Professor Ferrier’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 178 (1887), pp. 153–67; idem, ‘A further minute analysis by electrical stimulation of the so called motor regions (facial area) of the cortex cerebri in the monkey (Macacus sinicus)’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 185 (1894), pp. 39–81; idem, ‘A record of the results obtained by electrical excitation of the so-called motor cortex and internal capsule in an orang-outang (Simia satyrus)’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 181 (1890), pp. 129–58.

83 83R. Caton, ‘The electrical currents of the brain’, British Medical Journal, 2 (1875), p. 278; idem, ‘Interim report on investigation of the electric currents of the brain’, British Medical Journal, 1 (1877), Suppl. L, pp. 62–5; idem, ‘Researches on electrical phenomena of cerebral grey matter’, Transactions of the Ninth Intemational Medical Congress, 3 (1887), pp. 246–9.

84 84A. Beck, ‘Die Bestimmung der Localisation der Gehirn- und Rückenmarkfunktionen vermittelst der elektrischen Erscheinungen’, Centralblatt für Physiologie, 4 (1890), pp. 473–6.

85 85C. S. Sherrington, ‘Notes on the arrangement of some motor fibres in the lumbo-sacral plexus’, Journal of Physiology, 13 (1892), pp. 621–772.

86 86C. S. Sherrington, ‘On reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles: Seventh note’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 76 (1905), pp. 160–3; idem, ‘On reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles: Eighth note’, Proceedings on the Royal Society, B 76 (1905), pp. 269–97.

87 87C. S. Sherrington, ‘Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing’, Journal of Physiology, 40 (1910), pp. 28–121.

88 88A. S. F. Grünbaum and C. S. Sherrington, ‘Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the higher apes (preliminary communication)’, Proceedings of the Royal Sociey, 69 (1902), pp. 206–9.

89 89Ibid.

90 90Ibid.

91 91C. S. Sherrington and C. S. Roy, ‘On the regulation of the blood-supply of the brain’, Journal of Physiology, 11 (1890), p. 106.

92 92Ibid., p. 105.

93 93S. Ogawa, T. M. Lee, A. S. Nayak and P. Glynn, ‘Oxygen-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields’, Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 14, no. 1 (1990), pp. 68–78.

94 94S. Ogawa, T. M. Lee, A. R. Ray and D. W. Tank, ‘Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87 (1990), pp. 9868–72.

95 95S. Ogawa, D. W. Tank, R. Menon, J. M. Ellermann, S-G Kim, H. Merkle and K. Ugurbil, ‘Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: Functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89 (1992), pp. 5951–5; see also K. K. Kwong, J. W. Belliveau, D. A. Chesler et al., ‘Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89 (1992), pp. 5675–9.

96 96B. Biswal, F. Z. Yetkin, V. M. Haughton and J. S. Hyde, ‘Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI’, Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 34, no. 4 (1995), pp. 537–41.

97 97M. E. Raichle, A. M. Macleod, A. Z. Snyder, W. J. Powers, D. A. Gusnard and G. L. Shulman, ‘A default mode of brain function’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (2001), pp. 676–82.