Albert Baiburin - The Soviet Passport

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The publication of this series was made possible with the support of the Zimin Foundation

Albert Baiburin, The Soviet Passport

Vladimir Bibikhin, The Woods

Alexander Etkind, Nature’s Evil

Boris Kolonitskii, Comrade Kerensky

Sergei Medvedev, The Return of the Russian Leviathan

Maxim Trudolyubov, The Tragedy of Property

Albert Baiburin

Translated by Stephen Dalziel

polity

Originally published in Russian as СОВЕТС К ИЙ ПАСПОРТ. история — структура — практики . Copyright in the original Russian-language edition © European University at St. Petersburg, 2017.

Copyright © Albert Baiburin 2021

This English translation © Polity Press 2021

This English edition first published in 2021 by Polity Press

This book was published with the support of the Zimin Foundation.

Polity Press

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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4320-5

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Baĭburin, A. K., author. | Dalziel, Stephen, translator.

Title: The Soviet passport: the history, nature, and uses of the internal passport in the USSR / Albert Baiburin; translated by Stephen Dalziel.

Other titles: Советский паспорт. English

Description: English edition. | Cambridge, UK; Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2021. | Series: New Russian thought | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “How the passport became a vital means of constructing identity in the Soviet Union” – Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021008016 (print) | LCCN 2021008017 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509543182 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509543205 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Passports–Soviet Union–History. | Emigration and immigration law–Soviet Union.

Classification: LCC KLA3022.7 .B3513 2021 (print) | LCC KLA3022.7 (ebook) | DDC 323.6/709470904–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008016LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008017

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

AMM– Archive of the International ‘Memorial’ Association (Arkhiv Mezhdunarodnogo obshchestva ‘Memorial’). ASSR– Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; as well as the individual republics within the USSR, there were also ASSRs which had many of the same rights as the SSRs except the right to secede from the Union. In practice, no SSR had this right anyway. ATsIYeU– Archive of the Judaica Centre of the European University of St Petersburg (Arkhiv Tsentra Iudaiki Yevropeiskogo universityeta). CPSU– Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovietskogo Soyuza), the name, from 1952, of the party which ruled the USSR. GARF– State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvenny arkhiv rossiiskoi federatsii). KGB– Committee for State Security (Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti); the last name of the Soviet era for the secret police, initially established by the Bolsheviks in 1917 as the Cheka. KhPZ– Kharkov Steam Engine Building Plant (Khar’kovsky parovozostroitel’ny zavod). MTS– Machine Tractor Station (Mashino-traktornaya stantsiya). MVD– Interior Ministry (Ministerstvo vnutrennykh del). NEP– The New Economic Policy introduced in the 1920s, which allowed a certain amount of free market capitalism in order to help the economy recover from the ravages of the Civil War. Those who profited most were nicknamed NEPmen and were refused passports when the passport system was introduced in 1932. NKID– People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; the original title of what would become the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. NKVD– People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs; in the early years of the Soviet state, the NKVD RSFSR (for the Russian Republic) was responsible for policing, but not the secret police, which was under the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VeCheKa), often abridged to Cheka. The NKVD RSFSR was disbanded in 1930. But in 1934 the USSR NKVD was formed, and the secret police came under its remit. Also UNKVD– the Directorate (Upravleniye) of the NKVD. OGPU– The Unified State Political Directorate (Obyedinyonnoye gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravleniye), the title of the Soviet secret police from 1923 (before which it was the Cheka) to 1934, when it was re-named the USSR NKVD. The next notable name change came in 1953, when it became the KGB. OVIR- The Department of Visas and Registration (Otdel viz i registratsii), the office where many Russian documents are issued. PSZ– Complete Laws of the Russian Empire (Polnoye sobraniye zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii). RCP(B)– Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks); ‘Bolshevik’ (meaning majority) had come from the split of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party into two factions, Bolshevik and Menshevik, in 1903. In 1925 the Party was renamed the All-Union Communist Party, and in 1952 it became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). RGASPI– Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiisky gosudarstvenny arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii). RSFSR– Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic; the official name of Russia within the USSR, until the collapse of the country at the end of 1991. SNK– Sovnarkom, or Council of People’s Commissars; the name of the government of the USSR from 1923 to 1946. SU RSFSR– Collected Statutes of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the RSFSR (Sobraniye uzakonenii raboche-krestyanskogo pravitelstva RSFSR). SZ SSSR– Collected Laws and Instructions of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the USSR (Sobraniye zakonov i rasporyazhenii raboche-krestyanskogo pravitelstva SSSR). TsGA– Central State Archive (Tsentral’ny gosudarstvenny arkhiv), St Petersburg. TsGAIPD– Central State Archive for Historical and Political Documents of St Petersburg (Tsentral’ny gosudarstvenny arkhiv istoriko-politicheskikh dokumentov Sankt-Peterburga). TsGAKFFD– Central State Archive of Cinematographic and Photographic Documents (Tsentral’ny gosudarstvenny arkhiv kinofotofonodokumentov) in St Petersburg. TsIK– Central Executive Committee of the USSR (Tsentral’ny ispolnitel’ny komitet SSSR). UNKVD– see NKVD. VAPRF– Bulletin of the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (Vestnik Arkhiva Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii). VKP(b)– All-Russian Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) (Vsyerossiiskaya Kommunisticheskaya partiya (bol’shevikov)), the name of the ruling party from the time of the October Revolution of 1917 until it became the CPSU (see above) in 1952. VTsIK– All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Vsyerossiisky Tsentral’ny ispolnitel’ny komitet SSSR); the highest legislative and administrative body of the RSFSR from 1917 to 1937. ZAGS– Russian term for a registry office (otdel zapisi aktov grazhdanskogo sostoyaniya). ZATO– Closed Territorial-Administrative Formations (Zakritiye Territorial’no-Administrativniye Obrazovaniya); ‘closed’ towns and cities; only those who lived there were allowed to enter.