Ladislav Bardos - Microwave Plasma Sources and Methods in Processing Technology

Ladislav Bárdoš and Hana Baránková

Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

This edition first published 2022

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Bardos, Ladislav, 1947- author. | Barankova, Hana, 1951- author.

Title: Microwave plasma sources and methods in processing technology / Ladislav Bardos, Hana Barankova, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021031913 (print) | LCCN 2021031914 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119826873 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119826880 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119826897 (epub) | ISBN 9781119826903 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Electromagnetism.

Classification: LCC QC760 .B267 2022 (print) | LCC QC760 (ebook) | DDC 660/.044--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031913LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031914

Cover image: © Image courtesy of the authors

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwo Text by Integra Software Services, Pondicherry, India

1 Cover

2 Title page Microwave Plasma Sources and Methods in Processing Technology Ladislav Bárdoš and Hana Baránková Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

3 Copyright

4 Foreword from the Authors

5 1 Basic Principles and Components in the Microwave Techniques and Power Systems 1.1 History in Brief – From Alternating Current to Electromagnetic Waves and to Microwaves1.2 Microwave Generators1.3 Waveguides and Electromagnetic Modes in Wave Propagation1.3.1 The Cut-off Frequency and the Wavelength in Waveguides1.3.2 Waveguides Filled by Dielectrics1.3.3 Wave Impedance and Standing Waves in Waveguides1.3.4 Coaxial Transmission Lines1.3.5 Microwave Resonators1.4 Waveguide Power Lines1.4.1 Magnetron Tube Microwave Generator1.4.2 Microwave Insulators1.4.3 Impedance Tuners1.4.4 Directional Couplers1.4.5 Passive Waveguide Components – Bends, Flanges, Vacuum Windows1.4.6 Tapered Waveguides and Waveguide Transformers1.4.7 Power Loads and Load Tuners1.4.8 Waveguide Phase Shifters1.4.9 Waveguide Shorting Plungers1.4.10 Coupling from Rectangular to Circular Waveguide: Resonant Cavities for Generation of Plasma1.5 Microwave Oven – A Most Common Microwave Power DeviceReferences

6 2 Gas Discharge Plasmas 2.1 Basic Understanding of the Gas Discharge Plasmas2.2 Generation of the Plasma, Townsend Coefficients, Paschen Curve2.3 Generation of the Plasma by AC Power, Plasma Frequency, Cut-off Density2.4 Space-charge Sheaths at Different Frequencies of the Incident Power2.5 Classification of Gas Discharge Plasmas, Effects of Gas Pressure, Microwave Generation of Plasmas2.5.1 Classification of Gas Discharge Plasmas2.5.2 Effects of the Gas Pressure on Particle Collisions in the Plasma2.5.3 Microwave Generation of PlasmasReferences

7 3 Interactions of Plasmas with Solids and Gases 3.1 Plasma Processing, PVD, and PE CVD3.2 Sputtering, Evaporation, Dry Etching, Cleaning, and Oxidation of Surfaces3.3 Particle Transport in Plasma Processing and Effects of Gas Pressure3.3.1 Movements of Neutral Particles3.3.2 Movements of Charged Particles3.3 Effect of the Gas Pressure on the Plasma Processing3.4 Afterglow and Decaying Plasma ProcessingReferences

8 4 Microwave Plasma Systems for Plasma Processing at Reduced Pressures 4.1 Waveguide-Generated Isotropic and Magnetoactive Microwave Plasmas4.1.1 Waveguide-Generated Isotropic Microwave Oxygen Plasma for Silicon Oxidation4.1.2 ECR and Higher Induction Magnetized Plasma Systems for Silicon Oxidation4.2 PE CVD of Silicon Nitride Films in the Far Afterglow4.3 Microwave Plasma Jets for PE CVD of Films4.3.1 Deposition of Carbon Nitride Films4.3.2 Surfajet Plasma Parameters and an Arrangement for Expanding the Plasma Diameter4.4 Hybrid Microwave Plasma System with Magnetized Hollow CathodeReferences

9 5 Microwave Plasma Systems at Atmospheric and Higher Pressures 5.1 Features of the Atmospheric Plasma and Cold Atmospheric Plasma(CAP) Sources5.2 Atmospheric Microwave Plasma Sources Assisted by Hollow Cathodes5.2.1 Applications of the H-HEAD Plasma Source in Surface Treatments5.3 Microwave Treatment of Diesel Exhaust5.4 Microwave Plasma in Liquids5.5 Microwave Plasma Interactions with Flames5.6 Microwave Plasmas at Very High PressuresReferences

10 6 New Applications and Trends in the Microwave Plasmas References

11 7 Appendices 7.1 List of Symbols and Abbreviations7.2 Constants and Numbers

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Graphical illustration of the frequencies and wavelengths...Figure 1.2 Construction of the magnetron tube consists of the anode...Figure 1.3 The electric and magnetic fields in the waveguides...Figure 1.4 Schematic description of the reflection of...Figure 1.5 Formation of the standing waves by waves moving in the waveguide...Figure 1.6 Typical construction of coaxial cables...Figure 1.7 Principle of construction of an air-filled coaxial line with possible...Figure 1.8 Examples of coupling arrangements.